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. 2024 Dec 28;14:31210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82514-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — LF induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in HepG2 cells. (A) Representative flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis. After being exposed to LF for 48 h, HepG2 cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC antibodies and PI and then subjected to apoptotic analysis using flow cytometry. (B) The proportions of apoptotic and necrotic HepG2 cells after LF treatment. (C) Representative fluorescence images of the mitochondrial membrane potential assay. In this experiment, HepG2 cells with normal mitochondrial membrane potential were labeled with TMRE (red fluorescence). Scale bars, 50 μm. (D) Representative flow cytometric analysis of TMRE-labeled HepG2 cells. (E) The proportion of TMRE-positive HepG2 cells in the mitochondrial membrane potential assay using flow cytometry. (F) Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins. The relative protein levels are shown below the representative images, which were determined after normalization and comparison with the DPBS-treated HepG2 lysates. Statistical significance: * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), and *** (p < 0.001) vs. DPBS.