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. 2024 Dec 28;14:31210. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82514-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — LF arrests the HepG2 cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase through the activation of ERK signaling. (A) Representative flow cytometric analysis of the HepG2 cell cycle. (B) The proportions of HepG2 cells at different phases of the cell cycle (*, vs. G0/G1 phase/DPBS; ^#, vs. G2 phase/DPBS). (C) Western blot analysis of cell cycle-related proteins. The relative protein levels were determined after β-actin normalization. (D) Cell viability after treatment with LF and ERK inhibitor (LY3214996) (^# vs. LF/no inhibitor). (E) Western blot images showing the changes in cell cycle-related proteins after treatments with LF and LY3214996. (F) Quantitative RT‒PCR analysis showing the changes in p21, p27, and Cyclin A mRNA levels after treatments with LF and LY3214996 (*, vs. no LF). (G) Representative cell cycle analysis after treatment with LF and LY3214996. (H) Changes in the cell cycle distribution after treatment with LF and LY3214996 (*, vs. G0/G1 phase/DPBS). Statistical significance: * (p < 0.05), ** (p < 0.01), and *** (p < 0.001); ^# (p < 0.05), ^## (p < 0.01), and ^### (p < 0.001).