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. 2024 Dec 28;14:31496. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82971-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — (a) Map showing the historical major events along the Longitudinal Valley (LV). The colored areas are the main slip zones of the historical major events^6–9. The epicenter locations of the historical events are collected from the GDMS, and the corresponding moment tensor solutions are determined by the U.S. Geological Survey-National Earthquake Information Center (USGS-NEIC). For the four events in the 1951 Longitudinal Valley earthquake sequence, the epicenters and moment tensor solutions are collected from Chen et al.¹⁶. The cumulative moment tensor of the 2024 Hualien earthquake is plotted as the beach ball in red. (b–e) Cumulative Coulomb failure stress (CFS) changes induced by the representative historical major events on the seismogenic fault of the 2024 Hualien earthquake after (b) the 2013 Ruisui M_w 6.3 earthquake, (c) the 2018 Hualien M_w 6.4 earthquake, (d) the 2019 Hualien M_w 6.3 earthquake, and (e) the 2022 Chihshang M_w 6.5 and M_w 6.9 earthquakes. The figures were generated by the Generic Mapping Tools 6.3.0 (GMT 6.3.0, https://www.generic-mapping-tools.org).