Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants by diabetes (n = 18,338).
| Women | Men | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without diabetes (n = 7,825) | Diabetes (n = 1,644) | P | Without diabetes (n = 7,066) | Diabetes (n = 1,803) | P | |
| Age (years) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| 18–44 | 3,710 (47.1) | 260 (15.8) | 3,383 (47.9) | 187 (12.9) | ||
| 45–59 | 1,815 (26.2) | 468 (28.5) | 1,590 (22.5) | 477 (32.7) | ||
| ≥60 | 2,285 (26.7) | 916 (55.7) | 2,093 (29.6) | 1,134 (54.4) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | < 0.001 | 0.16 | ||||
| Mexican American | 1,054 (13.5) | 284 (17.3) | 954 (13.5) | 295 (16.4) | ||
| Other Hispanic | 863 (11.0) | 211 (12.8) | 704 (10.0) | 180 (10.0) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2,976 (38.0) | 497 (30.2) | 2,756 (39.0) | 631 (35.0) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,759 (22.5) | 450 (27.4) | 1,555 (22.0) | 445 (24.6) | ||
| Other race-including multi-racial | 1,171 (15.0) | 202 (12.3) | 1,097 (15.5) | 252 (14.0) | ||
| Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Married/partner | 4,046 (53.6) | 815 (49.8) | 4,188 (61.6) | 1,259 (70.0) | ||
| Widowed/divorced | 1,832 (24.3) | 637 (38.9) | 978 (14.4) | 374 (20.8) | ||
| Never married | 1,671 (22.1) | 186 (11.3) | 1,504 (24.0) | 163 (9.2) | ||
| Education level | < 0.001 | 0.007 | ||||
| < High school | 1,316 (17.2) | 463 (29.4) | 1,282 (19.4) | 476 (26.6) | ||
| High school/GED | 1,695 (22.2) | 410 (24.9) | 1,605 (24.3) | 428 (23.9) | ||
| >High school | 4,639 (60.6) | 766 (46.7) | 3,714 (56.3) | 889 (49.5) | ||
| PIR | 0.11 | 0.05 | ||||
| < 1 | 2,359 (30.2) | 557 (33.9) | 1,963 (27.8) | 497 (27.6) | ||
| ≥1 | 5,466 (69.8) | 1,087 (66.1) | 5,103 (72.2) | 1,306 (72.4) | ||
| BMI (kg/m 2 ) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| < 25 | 2,601 (33.2) | 202 (12.3) | 2,209 (31.2) | 278 (15.4) | ||
| 25–29.9 | 2,169 (27.7) | 369 (22.5) | 2,597 (36.8) | 607 (33.7) | ||
| ≥30 | 3,055 (39.1) | 1,073(65.2) | 2,260 (32.0) | 918 (50.9) | ||
| Hypertension | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2,322 (29.7) | 1,103(67.2) | 2,010 (28.5) | 1,162 (64.6) | ||
| No | 5,500 (70.3) | 539 (32.8) | 5,051 (71.5) | 636 (35.4) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 2,130 (27.3) | 970 (60.0) | 2,103 (30.0) | 1,037 (58.1) | ||
| No | 5,677 (72.7) | 650 (40.0) | 4,936 (70.0) | 748 (41.9) | ||
| Smoking status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 5,329 (68.1) | 1,042 (63.4) | 3,676 (52.0) | 770 (42.7) | ||
| Former | 1,271 (16.2) | 383 (23.3) | 1,808 (25.6) | 729 (40.4) | ||
| Current | 1,225 (15.7) | 219 (13.3) | 1,582 (22.4) | 304 (16.9) | ||
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1,802.6 (709.2) | 1,802.3 (679.6) | < 0.001 | 2,385.8 (1,136.2) | 2,386.3 (981.7) | < 0.001 |
| Vitamin B2 intake (mg/day) | 0.017 | 0.41 | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 1,886 (24.1) | 483 (29.4) | 1,760 (24.9) | 457 (19.1) | ||
| Quartile 2 | 1,953 (24.9) | 410 (24.9) | 1,770 (25.0) | 448 (21.8) | ||
| Quartile 3 | 1,986 (25.4) | 384 (23.4) | 1,780 (25.2) | 436 (25.3) | ||
| Quartile 4 | 2,000 (25.6) | 367 (22.3) | 1,761 (24.9) | 457 (33.8) | ||
All variables are expressed as frequencies and weighted percentages (%), except for energy intake (mean and standard deviation). P values were calculated using χ2 tests and t test. BMI, body mass index; GED, General Educational Development; PIR, ratio of family income to poverty.
BMI, body mass index; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; PIR, family poverty income ratio.