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. 2024 Dec 16;11:1479676. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1479676

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© 2024 Wu, Toskic, Zhou, Scalia, Ma, Bhatt, Fogaren, Pilichowska, Arkun, Patel, Riesenburger, Larson and Comenzo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Congo red stained slide of ligamentum flavum tissue resected at L4–5. The tissue was scanned under non-polarized light and digitized using a VENTANA DP 200 slide scanner (Roche Diagnostics, Rotkreuz, Switzerland) at 20× magnification and one focus layer. (B) Higher magnification of the Congo red stained ligamentum flavum specimen. (C) The results image generated for the quantification of amyloids and other tissue elements using the Trainable Weka Segmentation model. (D) Table displaying the total number of pixels corresponding to amyloids, calcifications, and tissue in the results image. Amyloid load was calculated as the total number of amyloid pixels divided by the sum of all pixels corresponding to amyloids, calcifications, and tissue.