Table 1.

Neurocognitive tests by domain.

Domain	Test
Executive functioning	Abstraction and Mental Flexibility—Penn Conditional Exclusion Test—Subjects decide which of 4 objects does not belong with the other 3 based on one of three sorting principles24
	Attention—Continuous Performance Test—Number and Letter—Participant responds to a set of 7-segment displays presented 1/s., whenever they form a digit (NUMBERS, initial 3 minutes) or letter (LETTERS, next 3 minutes)25
	Working Memory—Letter-N_Back—presents letters for 500 ms, and the participant has an additional 2000 ms to respond by pressing the spacebar. There are three conditions: 0-Back—press the spacebar when the letter presented is an “X”; 1-Back—press when the letter presented is the same as the previous letter; 2-Back—press when the letter presented is the same as the one just before the previous letter26
	Inhibition—Go-No-Go Test—participants see Xs and Ys quickly displayed (300 ms) at different positions on the screen and are instructed to respond if and only if an X appears in the upper half of the screen, inhibiting the impulse to respond to Xs in the lower half of the screen and Ys generally27
Episodic memory	Facial Memory—presents 20 digitized faces that are then mixed with 20 distractors equated for age, gender, and ethnicity28
	Verbal Memory—presents 20 target words that are then mixed with 20 distractors equated for frequency, length, concreteness, and low imageability29
	Spatial Memory—uses Euclidean shapes as stimuli with the same paradigm as the word and face23
Complex reasoning	Penn Verbal Reasoning Test—multiple-choice test in which participants answer verbal analogy problems14
	Penn Matrix Analysis Test—consists of matrices requiring reasoning by geometric analogy and contrast principles26
	Penn Line Orientation Test—presents two lines at an angle, and participants mouse-click on a “button” that makes one line rotate until they consider it to have the same angle as the other30
Social cognition	Measured Emotion Differentiation Test—presents pairs of emotional expressions, each pair from the same individual expressing the same emotion, one more intense than the other or of equal intensity. The task is to click on the face that displays the more intense expression or indicate that they have equal intensity14
	Age Differentiation Test—requires the participant to select which of the two presented faces appears older, or if they are the same age14
Motor speed	Motor Praxis Test—requires moving the mouse and clicking on a green square that disappears after the click14
	Computerized Finger Tapping Test—measures how many times a participant can press the spacebar using only the index finger in 10 seconds14
Speed of processing	Digit Symbol Test—1 of 9 symbols appears on the screen paired with a number, and the participant decides whether the pairing is correct or incorrect31