Table 2.
Summary of the included studies
| Author/reference | Year | Country | Study design | Participants | Mean/median age | Intervention | Covariates adjusted for in HR | Heart failure definition | Study duration | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huei-Ting Tsai(17) | 2017 | USA | Cohort study | 9,772 | 66 | A population-based cohort study was conducted on 9,772 men aged 66 years or older diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer between 2002 and 2011. They received androgen deprivation therapy. | Age, marital status, registry region, PCa stage, comorbidities (Charlson index) | Identified using Medicare claims, based on primary discharge diagnosis or secondary diagnosis with outpatient record. | Median follow-up was 4.55 years. | 10/11 |
| Reina Haque(18) | 2017 | USA | Cohort study | 7,637 | Median: 55.93 | ADT was characterized as a GnRH analog (such as leuprolide, goserelin, or triporelin) with or without an oral antiandrogen (like flutamide, bicalutamide, or nilutamide for combined androgen blockade). Throughout the study duration, ADT antagonists (abarelix and degarelix) were not accessible in the KPSC formulary. | Age, race/ethnicity, Gleason score, PSA level, tumor stage, history of CVD, hypertension, diabetes, Charlson comorbidity score, CVD medications, and in sensitivity analyses, BMI and smoking. | Hospitalization with a primary diagnosis of heart failure using ICD-9/ICD-10 codes. | Follow-up period with an average of 3.4 years for ADT users and 5.3 years for non-users. | 10/11 |
| Hui-Han Kao(12) | 2018 | Taiwan | Cohort study | 1244 | the mean age of the study cohort and comparison cohort was 73.3 and 67.2 years | - | age, urbanization level, geographic location, monthly income, and comorbidities (diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, and obesity | Heart failure was identified using ICD-9-CM codes 428.xx. | 1-year follow-up period | 10/11 |
| Rachel B. Forster(19) | 2022 | Norway | Cohort study | 30,923 |
Mean: 67.4 |
The ADT group included patients that received primary treatment with a leutenizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist (buserelin, leuprorelin, goserelin, triptorelin or histrelin) or LHRH antagonists (degarelix or abarelix) within the first year after diagnosis. The treatment group was compared to PCa patients that did not receive ADT within the first year. |
Age, cancer stage, year of diagnosis, education, comorbidity index, and CVD risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, MI, stroke). | Based on diagnostic codes from Norwegian registries. | follow-up: 2.9 years for CVD | 10/11 |
| Do Kyung Kim(20) | 2020 | Seoul, Korea | Cohort study | 61,722 |
Before propensity score matching: ADT (n = 31,579): 72.11 Non-ADT (n = 99,610): 63.73 After propensity score matching: ADT (n = 30,861): 71.87 Non-ADT (n = 30,861):71.87 |
- | Age, history of hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, heart failure, chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and anti-thrombotic use. | identified using the relevant ICD-10 codes for heart failure within the HIRA database. |
● The ADT group had a mean follow-up duration of 3.67 ± 2.52 years. The non-ADT group had a mean follow-up duration of 4.50 ± 2.85 years. |
11/11 |
| Do Kyung Kim (21) | 2021 | Seoul, Korea | Cohort study | 49,090 |
Before exact matching: ADT: 74.57 Non-ADT: 68.82 After exact matching: ADT: 73.31 Non-ADT: 73.31 |
- |
Age History of hypertension Diabetes Dyslipidemia Atrial fibrillation Heart failure Chronic liver disease Chronic kidney disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Antithrombotic medication use |
identified using the relevant ICD-10 codes for heart failure within the HIRA database. | The mean follow-up duration for the matched cohort was approximately 3.24 years in the ADT group and 3.39 years in the non-ADT group. | 10/11 |
| Jui-Ming Liu(22) | 2020 | Taiwan | Cohort study | 4335 | median age: 73.0 | A real-world evidence study found that patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who were treated with second-line hormonal therapy had a higher risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). | diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, stable angina, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, peripheral artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. Other covariates included the Charlson Comorbidity Index score, body mass index (BMI), and baseline laboratory results (e.g., creatinine, liver enzymes, hemoglobin, lipid levels). Additionally, the initial stage of prostate cancer (PC), Gleason score, and metastatic sites were considered | Heart failure (HF) in this study is defined as a clinical diagnosis of heart failure that requires hospitalization. | The mean follow-up period for patients receiving second-line hormonal therapy was 9.52 months. | 10/11 |
| Alice Dragomir(23) | 2023 | Canada | Cohort study | 10,785 | Mean for GnRh Antagonist user: 74.1 |
10,201 received a GnRH agonist and 584 received a GnRH Antagonist (degarelix) |
Age Prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) Prior curative treatment (radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy) Maximum androgen blockade) Hypertension Dyslipidemia Diabetes Renal disease Charlson comorbidity score (≥ 4 vs. < 4) Number of prior CVD events (≥ 2 vs. < 2) |
Heart failure (HF) in this study was defined by the following ICD-10 codes: I50 (Heart failure) o I97 (Postprocedural heart failure) o I11 (Hypertensive heart disease with heart failure) |
The study period spanned from January 2012 to December 31, 2016 | 10/11 |
|
Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan(24) “Medical castration” |
2023 | Hong-Kong, china | Cohort study | 6,944 | Median:75.9 | “Medical castration” | age, type of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure (HF), and arrhythmias), and use of medications or prior procedures (e.g., radiotherapy, chemotherapy, radical prostatectomy, androgen receptor signalling inhibitors, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, metformin, sulphonylurea | Heart failure (HF) is recorded as a comorbidity in the study based on ICD-9 codes | The median follow-up duration for patients was 3.3 years, with an interquartile range (IQR) of 1.5 to 6.7 years. | 10/11 |
|
Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan(24) “Bilateral-orchiectomy” |
5,359 | “Bilateral-orchiectomy” | ||||||||
|
Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan(24) “Medical castration & Bilateral-orchiectomy” |
1,234 | “Medical castration & Bilateral-orchiectomy” |