Table 1.

Comparison of intraoperative warming techniques: benefits, limitations, and applications

Classification	Intervention	Effective ness	Risks	Cost	quality-price ratio	Overall
Active insulation	Forced Air Warming Devices	★★★ ★★	★★☆☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★★★	★★★★★
	Self-Regulated Heated Air Garment	★★★★☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆
	Infusion Fluid Warming	★★★★☆	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆
	Circulating-Water Mattress	★★★☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★★★	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆
	Carbon-Fiber Resistive Heating System	★★★★☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★★☆	★★★★☆
	Self-Heating Blanket	★★★☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★☆☆☆	★★★☆☆
	Chemical Heat Packs	★★☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆
Passive insulation	Thermal reflective blankets	★★☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★☆☆☆☆	★★★☆☆	★★★☆☆

Notes:

★~★★★★represents five levels: low, relatively low, medium, relatively high and high

Note: Due to variations in item costs across countries, with differing reference amounts and currencies, and the difficulty in obtaining specific cost data, a five-star rating system is used here to provide an approximate estimate for comparative purposes