Table 2.
General characteristic of included studies 24 h after CSFTT
| Study | Study design | Number of participants and demographics | CSFTT (ml) | Clinical criteria for iNPH | Exclusion criteria |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stolze et al., 2000 [17] | Case control | 10 (6M, 4F), 75.9 ± 6.3 | 30 |
Clinical criteria Hakim and Adams [1] - moderate to severe gait disorder - disturbed cognitive functions and urinary incontinence - enlargement of the lateral ventricles (assessed using the Evans Index [EI] > 0.3) on MRI in the absence of a moderate or severe cortical atrophy - microvascular lesions in the white matter were accepted only to a mild degree |
Additional neurological disorders Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait |
| Schniepp et al., 2016 [18] | Observational prospective study | 24 (7M, 17F), 76 ± 8 | 30–50 |
Adapted from Relkin criteria [42]: - at least 2 clinical signs of the Hakim triad including gait disorder and cognitive dysfunction - enlargement of the lateral ventricles (assessed using the Evans Index [EI] > 0.3) on MRI or CT - an opening CSF pressure < 15 cm H2O - exclusion of other differential diagnoses |
Additional neurological disorders Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait |
| Marques et al., 2017 [19] | Observational retrospective study | 68 (42M, 26F) 75.1 ± 6.2 | 40 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Acute medical illness in the past 3 months Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait CSFTT in the past 3 months A treatment change between both assessments Inability to walk a minimum of 15 m without assistance |
| Allali et al., 2017 [20] | Observational prospective study | 68 (46M, 22F), 75.9 ± 7.4 | 40 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - enlargement of the lateral ventricles (assessed using the Evans Index [EI] > 0.3) on MRI or CT |
N/A |
| Bovonsunthonchai et al., 2018 [21] | Observational prospective study | 27 (16M 11F), 77.3 ± 6.9 | 30–50 |
Specific criteria: - Mori et al., [43] guidelines |
No MRI evaluation Unable to undergo CSFTT |
| Souza et al., 2018 [22] | Observational prospective study | 25 (10M, 15F), 76.2 ± 5.8 | 30 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Possible and unlikely INPH Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Consequence of head trauma Intracerebral hemorrhage, and meningitis/encephalitis Serious clinical or laboratory contraindication for the procedure (blood dyscrasias not amenable to correction) Ventricular dilatation caused by macroscopic obstruction to CSF flow Severe cerebral atrophy Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait Musculoskeletal disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, polyneuropathy) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or heart failure with dyspnea on minimal exertion Other causes of dementia |
| Lim et al., 2019 [23] | Observational prospective study | 23 (11M, 12F), 73.0 ± 7.2 | 30–50 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Additional neurological disorders Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait Psychiatric disorder Metabolic or neoplastic disorders Dementia symptoms or parkinsonism Recent history of heavy alcohol use |
| Giannini et al., 2019 [24] | Observational prospective study | 35 (20M, 15F) 71.87 ± 5.66 | 30–50 |
Specific criteria: - The Bologna PRO-Hydro study |
Severe psychiatric disease Alcohol or drugs addiction Serious ongoing physical illness Inability to sign the informed consent |
| Isik et al., 2019 [25] | Observational retrospective study | 42 (17M, 25F) 79.1 ± 6.9 | 30 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Thrombocytopenia (< 50.000) Refusal by the patient (technical difficulty for lumbar puncture) Incapable of understanding the commands required to do a certain task Inability to walk |
| Ferrari et al., 2020 [26] | Observational prospective study | 56 (31M, 25F), 74 ± 5.1 | 30–40 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Presence of severe psychiatric disease or physical illness Addiction to drugs |
| Sun et al., 2022 [27] | 6 (6M, 0F), 77.7 ± 5.4 | 20–40 | N/A | N/A | |
| Griffa et al., 2020 [28] | Observational prospective study | 26 (14M, 12F) 79.7 ± 6.3 | 40 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Acute medical illness in the past 3 months Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait |
| Morel et al., 2021 [29] | Observational retrospective study | 77 (52M, 25F), 76.1 ± 6.2 | 40 |
Relkin criteria [42]: - specify parameters N/A |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Acute medical illness in the past 3 months |
| Chunyan et al., 2021 [30] | Observational prospective study | 26 (17M, 9F), 72 ± 6 | 30 |
Specific criteria: - Mori et al., [43] guidelines |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Inability to walk Unable to ambulate the procedure |
| Matsuoka et al., 2022 [31] | Observational retrospective study | 29 (15M, 14F), 77.5 ± 7.3 | 30 | N/A |
Secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus Delirium during the CSFTT Orthopedic disorders interfering with gait |
The second column reports study design. The third column reports cohorts’ demographics, including the number of male (M) and female (F) participants and the mean age (years). The fourth column reports the amount of withdrawn CSF (ml)