Table 1.
Basic characteristic.
| Study | Country | Cohort name | Cases/cohorts | Baseline age | Follow-up time | Glioma identification | Exposure method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Efird et al. (20) | United States | KPMCP-NC | 130/133,811 | ≥ 25 | 13.2 years (mean) | Cancer registry with ICD-9 and ICD-O codes | Questionnaire |
| Michaud et al. (21) | European | EPIC | 343/521,448 | 25–70 | 8.5 years (mean) | Cancer registry with ICD-O-2 codes | Food frequency questionnaire with validity |
| Dubrow et al. (24) * | United States | NIH-AARP | 904/545,771 | 50–71 | 10.6 years (median) | Cancer registries with ICD-O-3 codes | Food frequency questionnaire with validity |
| Nelson et al. (25) | United States | HHP/HAAS | 9/8,006 | 45–68 | Approximately 30 years | Medical records with ICD-9 codes | Lifestyle factors questionnaire with validity |
| Hashibe et al. (26) * | United States | PLCO | 103/97,334 | 55–74 | 2001–2011 | Medical records with ICD-O-2 codes | Diet history questionnaire with validity |
| Ogawa et al. (27) | Japan | JPHCS | 60/106,324 | 40–69 | 18.1 years (mean) | Cancer registry or hospitals records with ICD-O-3 codes | Health habits frequency questionnaire with validity |
| Kuan et al. (28)# | The UK | MWS | 1,173/692,176 | 50–64 | 2000–2015 | Cancer registry with ICD-10 and ICD-O-3 codes | Semi-quantitative dietary questionnaire or an online 24-h dietary recall questionnaire with validity |
| United States | NIH-AARP | 1,005/470,780 | 50–69 | 1995–2011 | NDI and cancer registry with ICD-10 and ICD-O-2 codes | Food frequency questionnaire with validity | |
| United States | PLCO | 135/99,148 | 55–74 | 1998–2009 | NDI or medical records with ICD-10 and ICD-O-2 codes | Diet history questionnaire with validity | |
| Creed et al. (29) | The UK | The UK Biobank | 487/379,259 | 40–69 | 5.8 years (median) | National Health Service Central Registers with ICD-10 codes | Questionnaire |
| Cote et al. (30) | United States | NHS | 256/92,389 | 30–55 | 1980–2013 | NDI or medical records with ICD-9 CM codes | Food frequency questionnaires with validity |
| United States | NHSII | 87/95,242 | 25–42 | 1991–2013 | NDI or medical records with ICD-9 CM codes | Food frequency questionnaires with validity | |
| United States | HPFS | 211/49,885 | 40–75 | 1986–2016 | NDI or medical records with ICD-9 CM codes | Food frequency questionnaires with validity |
KPMCP-NC, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program of Northern California; EPIC (Denmark, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. For France, Germany, and Greece), the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; NIH-AARP, the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study; HHP/HAAS, the Honolulu Heart Program/ the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study; PLCO, the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian cancer screening trial; JPHCS, the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; NHSII, Nurses’ Health Study II; MWS, Million Women Study; NDI, national death index; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; ICD-O, International Classification of Diseases -Oncology; UK, United Kingdom.
The two studies were only included in dose–response analysis.
This study was only included in the highest versus lowest analysis.