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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Nov 9;72(12):3800–3809. doi: 10.1111/jgs.19255

Table 3.

Negative binomial regression evaluating the impact of COVID-19 severity on the number of new deficits at 12 months in Veterans with positive COVID-19 test. (N = 91,338)

Variable Mean Ratio (95% CI) p-value
COVID-19 Severity
Mild 1 Ref
Moderate 2.34 (2.29–2.39) < 0.001
Severe 3.32 (3.2–3.44) < 0.001
VA-FI deficits at baseline 1.01 (1.01–1.01) < 0.001
Female 0.98 (0.95–1.02) 0.317
Age Group
 Age 50–59 1 Ref
 Age 60–69 1.19 (1.16–1.22) < 0.001
 Age 70–79 1.35 (1.32–1.38) < 0.001
 Age 80+ 1.6 (1.55–1.65) < 0.001
Race
 White 1 Ref
 Black 1.04 (1.02–1.07) < 0.001
 American Indian/ Asian/Native Hawaiian 1.01 (0.95–1.06) 0.781
 Missing/Multiple Races 1.02 (0.97–1.07) 0.443
Hispanic 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 0.663
BMI
 <18.5 1.05 (0.95–1.16) 0.371
 18.5 – 25 1 Ref
 >25 – 30 0.95 (0.93–0.98) 0.0002
 >30 – 35 0.99 (0.96–1.01) 0.342
 >35 – 40 1.03 (1–1.06) 0.059
 >40 1.14 (1.1–1.18) < 0.001