Table A1.
The evaluation of the risk of bias of the papers based on Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool (49).
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Risk assessment | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baron-Thiene & Alferman (50) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Calvo & Topa (51) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Cervelló et al. (54) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Consoni et al. (52) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Duda (58) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Guillet et al. (55) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Fraser-Thomas et al. (60) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Le Bars et al. (56) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Lea & Branco (53) | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
| Ryan et al. (59) | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Moderate |
| Sarrazin et al. (57) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Low |
Questions of JBI are as follows: Q1. Were the criteria for inclusion in the sample clearly defined? Q2. Were the study subjects and the setting described in detail? Q3. Was the exposure measured in a valid and reliable way? Q4. Were objective, standard criteria used for measurement of the condition? Q5. Were confounding factors identified? Q6. Were strategies to deal with confounding factors stated? Q7. Were the outcomes measured in a valid and reliable way? Q8. Was appropriate statistical analysis used?