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Log-concentration of active MS2 in eluant. Control: sample without Joule heating, Heating@70 °C: Joule heating at 70 °C. Heating@80 °C: Joule heating at 80 °C. Heating at 90 °C: Joule heating at 90 °C. The Joule heating was conducted for 5 min. Each error bar means ± 95% confidence interval for log-concentration of active MS2. All experiments were duplicated.
