Table 1.
Patient demographics and clinical questionnaires
| Parameters | Study groups | P | Significant difference, Wilcoxon test | |
| PD-CI | PD | |||
| No. of patients | 43 | 38 | ||
| Age (years) | 69.07 ± 6.73 | 65.79 ± 7.09 | 0.0763 | Non-significant |
| Years of formal education | 8.65 ± 2.39 | 12.32 ± 2.26 | < 0.0001 | **** |
| Duration of confirmed diagnosis of PD | 4.55 ± 2.29 | 4.76 ± 2.21 | 0.6159 | Non-significant |
| H&Y staging scale | 2.15 ± 0.70 | 2.01 ± 0.63 | 0.3066 | Non-significant |
| MMSE | 22.19 ± 3.30 | 28.84 ± 1.15 | < 0.0001 | **** |
| MoCA | 19.42 ± 3.42 | 26.79 ± 0.78 | < 0.0001 | **** |
| Dementia level | 0.53 ± 0.50 | 0.03 ± 0.16 | < 0.0001 | **** |
| HAM-A | 17.09 ± 7.61 | 13.68 ± 6.61 | 0.0538 | Non-significant |
| HAMD-17 | 10.21 ± 6.47 | 8.26 ± 5.00 | 0.2749 | Non-significant |
| PDSS | 115.93 ± 19.96 | 118.61 ± 20.73 | 0.4236 | Non-significant |
| UPDRS-III | 20.92 ± 9.03 | 16.25 ± 7.67 | 0.0272 | * |
*P < 0.05. PD: Patients with Parkinson’s disease but without cognitive impairment; PD-CI: patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment; H&Y: Hoehn & Yahr; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; HAM-A: Hamilton Anxiety Scale; HAMD-17: Hamilton Depression Scale-17; PDSS: Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; UPDRS: Unified PD Rating Scale.