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The ASMR for smoking-attributable PUD in different GBD regions (A) and 204 countries and territories (B) by SDI, 1990–2021. Expected values based on socio-demographic index and disease rates in all locations are shown as the black line. PUD, peptic ulcer disease; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; GBD, Global Burden of Disease; SDI, socio-demographic index.
