Table 1.
Smoking-attributable PUD death cases and ASMR in 1990 and 2021, and its temporal trends from 1990 to 2021.
| 1990 | 2021 | 1990–2021 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Death cases | ASMR | Death cases | ASMR | EAPC |
| No. ×103 (95% UI) | No. (95% UI) | No. ×103 (95% UI) | No. (95% UI) | No. (95% UI) | |
| Overall | 48.9 (34.6–63.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 29.4 (21–39.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | −4.25 (−4.32–4.18) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 42.8 (30.4–55.7) | 2.3 (1.6–3.1) | 25.6 (18.6–34.8) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | −4.25 (−4.31–4.19) |
| Female | 6.1 (4–8.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 3.8 (2.4–5.3) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | −4.36 (−4.5–4.22) |
| Socio-demographic index | |||||
| Low | 3.9 (2.5–5.3) | 1.7 (1.1–2.3) | 2.5 (1.6–3.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | −4.1 (−4.25–3.95) |
| Low-middle | 14.5 (9.7–20.2) | 2.3 (1.5–3.2) | 7.9 (5.2–11.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | −4.67 (−4.8–4.55) |
| Middle | 14.6 (10.3–19.4) | 1.4 (1–1.9) | 9.3 (6.6–13) | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | −4.41 (−4.51–4.31) |
| Middle-high | 9.1 (6.5–11.6) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 6.6 (4.7–8.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | −3.43 (−3.54–3.33) |
| High | 6.8 (4.8–8.9) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 3 (2.1–4.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | −4.9 (−5.14–4.66) |
| Region | |||||
| Central Asia | 0.4 (0.3–0.5) | 0.8 (0.5–0.9) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | −1.96 (−2.27–1.66) |
| East Asia | 14.6 (10.1–19.5) | 1.8 (1.2–2.4) | 8.5 (5.5–12.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | −4.52 (−4.68–4.35) |
| South Asia | 14.7 (9.8–21) | 2.5 (1.6–3.5) | 7.2 (4.4–10.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | −5.26 (−5.42–5.09) |
| Southeast Asia | 3.8 (2.5–5.5) | 1.5 (1–2.1) | 3 (2.1–4.2) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | −3.84 (−4–3.69) |
| Australasia | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0 (0–0) | 0.1 (0–0.1) | −7.42 (−7.86–6.98) |
| Oceania | 0 (0–0.1) | 1.5 (1–2.1) | 0.1 (0–0.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | −2.52 (−2.6–2.45) |
| High-income Asia Pacific | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | −6.45 (−6.61–6.29) |
| Central Europe | 1.6 (1.1–2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.2 (0.8–1.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | −2.13 (−2.4–1.86) |
| Eastern Europe | 2.2 (1.7–2.7) | 0.8 (0.6–1) | 2.6 (1.9–3.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1) | −0.77 (−1.13–0.4) |
| Western Europe | 3.8 (2.7–5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | −5.87 (−6.04–5.69) |
| Andean Latin America | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | −5.4 (−5.54–5.26) |
| Central Latin America | 0.8 (0.6–1) | 1 (0.7–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | −5.7 (−5.93–5.47) |
| Caribbean | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | −3.65 (−3.87–3.42) |
| High-income North America | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.4 (0.2–0.5) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | −4.62 (−5.08–4.15) |
| Southern Latin America | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.1 (0.1–0.1) | 0.1 (0.1–0.2) | −3.93 (−4.45–3.4) |
| Tropical Latin America | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | −4.62 (−4.99–4.24) |
| North Africa and Middle East | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | −4.65 (−4.85–4.46) |
| Central Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6) | −1.83 (−1.97–1.68) |
| Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 1 (0.6–1.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.4) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | −2.66 (−2.69–2.63) |
| Southern Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | −1.82 (−2.18–1.47) |
| Western Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.5 (0.3–0.7) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.2 (0.1–0.3) | −2.56 (−2.73–2.38) |
PUD, peptic ulcer disease; ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; UI, uncertainty interval; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; UI, uncertainty interval.