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. 2024 Dec 30;15:10798. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54707-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Cross-sectional scanning transmission electron microscopy image indicates layer-by-layer growth of the prepared film with the maps of different cation elements, Pb, Zr, and Ti. Each PZT layer is approximately 100 nm. b Quantified atomic fractions of A- and B-site elements. The maximum composition variation, as indicated by Zr/Ti could be from 70:30 to 30:70. c Crystallographic structures at Zr- and Ti-rich regions in a layer as marked by the rectangle with varying polarization magnitude. d, e Atomic-resolution images at Zr-rich and Ti-rich regions. Images on the right side are histograms of the c/a ratio at respective regions. f, g The maps of atomic-scale polarization at Zr-rich and Ti-rich regions as calculated from the A- and B-site atomic positions in corresponding Atomic-resolution images. Images on the right side are histograms of the displacement magnitude at respective regions.