TABLE 2.
Subgroup analysis based on the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors
| Prognostic factors | No. of study | Sample size | Pooled success rate (%) [95% CI] | Weight (%) | Q test p-value | I square (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative factors | |||||||
| Age | 0.27 | 86.99 | |||||
| <20 years | 7 | 287 | 91 (79-98) | 26.31 | 87.46 | ||
| 21-40 years | 10 | 1,691 | 80 (71-87) | 37.88 | 87.26 | ||
| >40 years | 8 | 427 | 82 (76-87) | 35.81 | 80.13 | ||
| Tooth type | 0.06* | 83.24 | |||||
| Anterior teeth | 6 | 244 | 78 (70-86) | 30.86 | 87.21 | ||
| Posterior teeth | 15 | 1,387 | 87 (82-91) | 69.14 | 81.58 | ||
| Pulpal status | 0.11 | 87.43 | |||||
| Asymptomatic# | 17 | 2,396 | 91 (84-96) | 89.81 | 88.14 | ||
| Symptomatic | 2 | 56 | 84 (79-89) | 10.19 | - | ||
| Periapical status | 0.56 | 87.95 | |||||
| Normal | 17 | 2,450 | 84 (79-89) | 81.27 | 89.64 | ||
| Uncertain## | 4 | 268 | 87 (78-94) | 18.73 | 72.06 | ||
| Root development | 0.55 | 89.32 | |||||
| Open apex | 4 | 118 | 88 (62-100) | 35.33 | 93.15 | ||
| Close apex | 7 | 376 | 80 (69-90) | 64.67 | 85.70 | ||
| Cause of exposure | <0.01* | 89.06 | |||||
| Caries | 18 | 1,269 | 85 (79-90) | 77.95 | 86.56 | ||
| Non-caries | 5 | 520 | 79 (61-92) | 22.05 | 94.49 | ||
| Intraoperative factors | |||||||
| Rubber dam isolation (throughout all procedures) | 0.01* | 88.18 | |||||
| Yes | 16 | 1,170 | 88 (83-92) | 61.46 | 81.04 | ||
| No | 10 | 2,003 | 74 (64-82) | 38.54 | 92.49 | ||
| Location of exposure | 0.59 | 63.09 | |||||
| Occlusal surface | 9 | 453 | 83 (79-87) | 51.43 | 57.21 | ||
| Axial surface | 8 | 409 | 85 (80-90) | 48.57 | 71.37 | ||
| Size of exposure | 0.99 | 88.18 | |||||
| <1 mm | 7 | 1,596 | 86 (78-93) | 77.35 | 90.03 | ||
| >1 mm | 2 | 54 | 86 (81-91) | 22.65 | - | ||
| Controlled bleeding time | 0.12 | 90.97 | |||||
| <5 min | 4 | 508 | 90 (82-96) | 46.95 | 81.43 | ||
| 5-10 min | 5 | 363 | 74 (50-93) | 53.05 | 93.74 | ||
| Haemostatic agents | <0.01* | 88.89 | |||||
| NaOCl | 11 | 653 | 85 (78-91) | 52.70 | 82.28 | ||
| Non-NaOCl | 8 | 820 | 82 (71-92) | 38.06 | 91.72 | ||
| None | 2 | 93 | 55 (45-65) | 9.24 | - | ||
| Haemostatic method | 0.04* | 83.01 | |||||
| Pressing with soaked cotton | 13 | 1,431 | 86 (81-91) | 61.15 | 86.34 | ||
| Pressing with dry cotton | 2 | 1,121 | 80 (77-82) | 10.6 | - | ||
| Irrigation & cotton pressing | 6 | 475 | 86 (80-92) | 28.25 | 68.66 | ||
| Pulp capping material | 0.01* | 85.19 | |||||
| Calcium hydroxide | 11 | 1,916 | 76 (70-82) | 39.52 | 89.49 | ||
| Calcium-silicate based material | 19 | 1,179 | 86 (82-90) | 60.48 | 80.59 | ||
| Liner or base | 0.23 | 88.18 | |||||
| Yes | 17 | 1,763 | 85 (80-89) | 66.83 | 83.33 | ||
| No | 9 | 1,410 | 78 (65-89) | 33.17 | 92.74 | ||
| Restorative material | 0.34 | 86.98 | |||||
| Amalgam | 4 | 109 | 89 (81-95) | 17.66 | 64.65 | ||
| Resin composite | 29 | 1,117 | 84 (78-90) | 82.34 | 88.61 | ||
| Timing of restoration | 0.201 | 89.38 | |||||
| Immediate | 8 | 1,625 | 79 (69-87) | 37.96 | 91.20 | ||
| Delayed <3 weeks | 9 | 498 | 88 (81-93) | 39.88 | 75.59 | ||
| Delayed >3 weeks | 5 | 317 | 78 (54-94) | 22.17 | 94.75 | ||
| Use of magnification | <0.01* | 88.18 | |||||
| Yes | 4 | 244 | 93 (90-96) | 15.58 | - | ||
| No | 2 | 2,929 | 81 (76-86) | 84.42 | 88.23 | ||
| Treatment provider | 0.39 | 89.63 | |||||
| Undergraduate student | 4 | 547 | 73 (57-87) | 24.33 | 93.13 | ||
| Postgraduate student | 4 | 355 | 87 (78-93) | 23.39 | 75.94 | ||
| General practitioner | 5 | 614 | 81 (73-87) | 30.62 | 80.63 | ||
| Specialist dentist | 4 | 298 | 75 (46-96) | 21.65 | 95.70 | ||
| Postoperative factor | 0.60 | 88.26 | |||||
| Recall period | |||||||
| 6 months-1 year | 9 | 511 | 80 (64-92) | 34.18 | 92.63 | ||
| Over 1 year-2 years | 6 | 585 | 87 (81-91) | 23.6 | 51.43 | ||
| Over 2 years-3 years | 3 | 136 | 76 (53-93) | 12.15 | - | ||
| Over 3 years | 7 | 1,845 | 86 (77-92) | 30.07 | 89.43 | ||
#
: Presence of short-lived thermal sensation or absence of symptoms; ##: No radiographic information was described; *: Q test p-value<0.10 was considered as evidence of significant heterogeneity. CI: Confidence interval; NaOCl: Sodium hypochlorite