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. 2024 Dec 30;14:31676. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80828-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The participant with a high-level amputation used EMG feedback for closed-loop control of prosthesis grasping force across four experimental sessions. EMG was recorded from the thoracic muscles on the amputated side (sessions 1 and 2) and the contra-lateral thoracic and forearm muscles (sessions 3 and 4). The recorded and processed EMG was transmitted as the command for proportional control of a myoelectric prosthesis as well as conveyed to the participant via tactile stimulation (EMG feedback). Two vibrotactors placed on the anterior and two on the posterior side of his right shoulder conveyed five distinct levels of EMG that, when produced by the participant, translated into five corresponding levels of grasping force.