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. 2024 Dec 30;14:31553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82918-2

Table 10.

Results of Spread for considered MO algorithms on ZDT benchmark problems.

Problem MOSCA MODA MOWHO MOMFO NSGA-II DEMO MOCS MOCS2Arc
ZDT1 4.8331e–1 – 5.8822e–1 – 8.3819e–1 – 3.6900e–1 =  5.8399e–1 – 8.0440e–1 – 3.5480e–1 =  3.51E–01
ZDT2 5.9713e–1 – 7.2154e–1 – 9.4693e–1 =  4.1999e–1 =  9.4026e–1 – 9.7249e–1 – 4.0250e–1 =  4.20E–01
ZDT3 5.8311e–1 – 6.2722e–1 – 8.1650e–1 – 4.0257e–1 =  7.1104e–1 – 7.8201e–1 – 4.0460e–1 =  4.32E–01
ZDT4 9.1089e–1 =  9.5612e–1 – 9.9919e–1 – 8.4418e–1 =  9.9950e–1 – 1.0007e + 0 – 8.5277e–1 =  8.67E–01
ZDT5 1.3872e + 0 – 9.3158e–1 +  1.0800e + 0 =  1.2382e + 0 =  1.6850e + 0 – 1.4809e + 0 – 9.7667e–1 +  1.14E + 00
ZDT6 8.3680e–1 – 8.0000e–1 – 1.2123e + 0 – 6.6943e–1 =  6.6918e–1 =  9.2950e–1 – 7.1315e–1 =  6.78E–01
 + /–/ =  0/5/1 1/5/0 0/4/2 0/0/6 0/5/1 0/6/0 1/0/5