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. 2024 Dec 30;14:31553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-82918-2

Table 8.

Results of HV for considered MO algorithms on ZDT benchmark problems.

Problem FE MOSCA MODA MOWHO MOMFO NSGA-II DEMO MOCS MOCS2Arc
ZDT1 10,000 6.9594e–1 (5.99e–3) – 1.7165e–1 (7.41e–2) – 5.4817e–1 (2.53e–2) – 5.5701e–1 (4.32e–2) – 7.0541e–1 (3.14e–3) =  6.7620e–1 (6.57e–2) =  7.0570e–1 (3.50e–3) =  7.0708e-1 (3.32e-3)
ZDT2 10,000 3.9970e–1 (2.24e–2) – 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) – 2.2055e–1 (3.56e–2) – 3.4876e–2 (7.16e–2) – 4.1847e–1 (2.33e–2) =  2.0055e–1 (9.95e–2) – 4.1890e–1 (2.55e–2) =  4.2010e-1 (1.92e-2)
ZDT3 10,000 5.9948e–1 (3.16e–2) +  2.8124e–1 (6.51e–2) – 4.8256e–1 (2.89e–2) – 5.3523e–1 (3.63e–2) – 5.9245e–1 (1.88e–3) =  6.1319e–1 (5.50e–2) +  5.9496e–1 (1.66e–2) =  5.9780e–1 (2.30e–2)
ZDT4 10,000 2.4013e–1 (1.68e–1) – 0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) – 3.2122e–2 (9.18e–2) – 4.0462e–2 (8.07e–2) – 5.1933e–1 (1.47e–1) =  0.0000e + 0 (0.00e + 0) – 2.3181e–1 (1.39e–1) – 4.9915e–1 (1.58e–1)
ZDT5 10,000 7.7699e–1 (3.96e–3) – 7.8458e–1 (9.61e–3) =  7.4650e–1 (1.41e–2) – 7.8314e–1 (9.72e–3) =  7.8564e–1 (8.33e–3) =  8.3456e–1 (2.21e–2) +  7.3314e–1 (1.20e–2) – 7.8273e–1 (6.11e–3)
ZDT6 10,000 1.7020e–1 (5.66e–2) – 2.7901e–1 (1.49e–1) =  8.8886e–2 (4.13e–2) – 3.3483e–2 (5.49e–2) – 3.1493e–1 (4.04e–2) =  3.0111e–1 (1.18e–1) =  1.8934e–1 (5.90e–2) – 3.2383e–1 (3.10e–2)
 + /-/ =  1/5/0 0/4/2 0/6/0 0/5/1 0/0/6 2/2/2 0/3/3