TABLE 1.

Replication of HIV-1 in PBMCs in the presence of T. vaginalis is partially TNF-α dependent^a

T. vaginalis isolate	HIV-1 p24 level		% Decrease in HIV-1 p24	HIV-1 p24 level in isotype control antibody-treated cultures	% Decrease in HIV p24
	No treatment	Anti-TNF-α treated cultures
Balt42	23,157	11,535	50	27,142	−17
JH31	29,702	10,460	65	34,314	−16

^aHIV-1 p24 levels (pg/ml) were measured on day 6 of culture. Some cultures were treated with 10 μg/ml of anti-TNF-α antibody or an isotype control monoclonal antibody. Anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody-treated cultures had significantly reduced HIV p24 levels (P < 0.05) compared to the untreated cultures, while the isotype control monoclonal antibody-treated cultures did not exhibit reductions in the level of HIV-1 p24. Data presented are representative of two independent experiments.