FIG. 4.
Effects of P. falciparum-derived hemozoin and synthetic hemozoin on PBMC chemokine production. PBMCs (2 × 106/well) from healthy, malaria-naïve adult volunteers (n = 5) were stimulated with medium alone (controls; solid gray line), Hz (10 μg/ml; solid black line), or sHz (10 μg/ml; dashed black line) for 4, 24, and 48 h. (A) MIP-1α, (B) MIP-1β, and (C) RANTES levels were determined in culture supernatants by ELISA. Statistical significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U test. * denotes P < 0.05 relative to control; ** denotes P < 0.01 relative to control.