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. 2024 Dec 30;14:31638. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-80035-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Change in average car density for all Ukrainian primary administrative units (Oblasts) during the first year of war (2022). Values reflect the percentage change in average car density after the start of the war (24 February) relative to the baseline (2019) for either quarterly (a) or yearly (b) temporal resolution. Oblasts colored in dark gray represent cases in which the relative change could not be calculated due to missing data for either or both years. The occupied territories of Crimea and Sevastopol were not considered in the current study (dashed areas). This figure was created using R software v.4.3.