Table 1.
Formulation and proximate composition of the experimental diets (% dry matter).
| Ingredient | Control | High SBM | High SBM + 0.2%NaB |
High SBM + 0.5%NaB |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish meala | 60.00 | 33.00 | 33.00 | 33.00 |
| Soybean mealb | 0.00 | 35.69 | 35.69 | 35.69 |
| Wheat gluten mealc | 4.46 | 8.75 | 8.75 | 8.75 |
| Wheat meald | 22.59 | 4.19 | 4.19 | 4.19 |
| Beer yeaste | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
| Fish oil | 3.05 | 5.31 | 5.31 | 5.31 |
| Soy lecithin | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.50 | 2.50 |
| Monocalcium phosphate | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| Vitamin premixf | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| Mineral premixg | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| Choline chloride (99%) | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Calcium propionate | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| Ethoxyquin | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Attractantsh | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Sodium alginate | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| Microcrystalline cellulose | 0.00 | 3.16 | 2.96 | 2.66 |
| Sodium butyratei | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.20 | 0.50 |
| Proximate composition (dry matter basis) | ||||
| Dry matter content | 96.68 | 95.81 | 95.99 | 95.97 |
| Crude protein | 51.71 | 51.22 | 51.43 | 51.55 |
| Crude lipid | 11.92 | 11.81 | 11.80 | 12.16 |
| Crude ash | 12.94 | 10.37 | 10.70 | 10.62 |
Abbreviations: SBM, soybean meal diet; NaB, sodium butyrate.
aPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 711.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 103.4 g/kg (dry matter basis).
bPurchased from Qingdao Seven Great Bio-tech Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein: 538.4 g/kg, crude lipid: 27.2 g/kg (dry matter basis).
cPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:858.9 g/kg, crude lipid: 22.5 g/kg (dry matter basis).
dPurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:199.9 g/kg, crude lipid:29.0 g/kg (dry matter basis).
ePurchased from Qingdao Fulin Company Limited (Qingdao, China), crude protein:477.6 g/kg, crude lipid: 17.2 g/kg (dry matter basis).
fVitamin premix (mg/kg diet): retinyl acetate (500,000 IU/g), 32; thiamine HCl (98%), 25; riboflavin (80%), 45; niacin (99%), 200; calcium pantothenate (98%), 60; pyridoxine HCl (99%), 20; inositol (98%), 800; folic acid (98%), 20; cyanocobalamin (1%), 10; ascorbic acid (35%), 120; cholecalciferol (500,000 IU/g), 5; α-tocopheryl acetate (50%), 240; biotin (2%), 60; menadione sodium bisulphite (51%), 10; ethoxyquin (100%), 3; microcrystalline cellulose (100%), 11,470.
gMineral premix (mg/kg diet): CoCl2·6H2O (1%), 50; CuSO4·5H2O (25%), 10; FeSO4·H2O (30%), 80; ZnSO4·H2O (34.50%), 50; MnSO4·H2O (31.80%), 45; MgSO4·H2O (15%), 1200; Na2SeO3 (1%), 20; calcium iodine (1%), 60; zeolite powder, 13,512.
hBetaine: dimethyl-beta-propiothetin (DMPT): threonine: glycine: inosine-5-diphosphate trisodium salt = 4: 2:2: 1:1.
iPurchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (USA). The batch number was 303,410–500G, and the purity was > 98%.