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. 2024 Dec 16;5:e65506. doi: 10.2196/65506

Table 1.

Demographics and characteristics.

Characteristic			Control group (n=31)		Heartfulness intervention group (n=34)		t test or Fisher exact test (df)
Age (years), mean (SD)			20.55 (1.26)		20.15 (1.02)		0.161 (57.756)^a
Sex, n (%)								0.138^b
	Female	25 (81)		32 (94)
	Male	6 (19)		2 (6)
Perceived Stress Scale score, mean (SD)			21.87 (4.65)		19.71 (5.09)		0.738 (63.000)^a
Composite DASS-21^c score, mean (SD)			22.42 (9.89)		21.15 (9.56)		0.932 (61.992)^a
Depression subcomponent score of the DASS-21, mean (SD)			6 (3.41)		5.35 (3.32)		0.833 (62.116)^a
Anxiety subcomponent score of the DASS-21, mean (SD)			7.77 (4.20)		6.59 (3.26)		0.724 (56.482)^a
Stress subcomponent score of the DASS-21, mean (SD)			8.65 (3.74)		8.91 (3.94)		0.945 (62.896)^a
DHEA-S^d level, mean (SD)			285.33 (112.15)		251.71 (80.99)		0.130 (54.177)^a
IL-6^e level, mean (SD)			4.52 (1.40)		4.93 (1.35)		0.737 (61.972)^a

^aIndependent 2-tailed t test.

^bFisher exact test.

^cDASS-21: Depression Anxiety Stress Scale.

^dDHEA-S: dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate.

^eIL-6: interleukin-6.