TABLE 3.
The association between the background variables and LPNs' self–assessed competence levels in clinical gerontological nursing (n = 394).
| Background variable | Total sample (n = 394) | F1 Competence in disease–specific nursing (mean, SD) | p | F2 Competence in wound care and pressure ulcer prevention (mean, SD) | p | F3 Competence in using assistive devices to support functional ability(mean, SD) | p | F4 Competence in postoperative wound care (mean, SD) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Working unit | 0.005 a | 0.049 a | 0.113 a | <0.001 a | |||||
| Home care services | 182 (46.2) | 3.426 (0.706) | 3.173 (0.855) | 3.596 (0.839) | 2.373 (1.314) | ||||
| Assessment and rehabilitation | 30 (7.6) | 3.717 (0.706) | 3.324 (0.731) | 3.608 (0.687) | 3.066 (1.006) | ||||
| 24–h services | 179 (45.4) | 3.418 (0.700) | 3.172 (0.737) | 3.501 (0.825) | 2.536 (1.216) | ||||
| Not reported | 3 (0.8) | 4.594 (0.559) | 4.393 (0.555) | 4.583 (0.520) | 5.000 (0.000) | ||||
| Age group, years | 0.021 a | 0.003 a | 0.036 a | 0.225 a | |||||
| Under 40 | 120 (30.5) | 3.589 (0.710) | 3.391 (0.795) | 3.714 (0.827) | 2.620 (1.330) | ||||
| 40–49 | 88 (22.3) | 3.467 (0.666) | 3.176 (0.762) | 3.554 (0.764) | 2.630 (1.271) | ||||
| Over 50 | 186 (47.2) | 3.359 (0.722) | 3.074 (0.795) | 3.466 (0.840) | 2.403 (1.231) | ||||
| Work experience in healthcare settings, years | 0.605 a | 0.884 a | 0.471 a | 0.817 a | |||||
| Under 10 | 142 (36.0) | 3.479 (0.729) | 3.180 (0.827) | 3.537 (0.843) | 2.485 (1.265) | ||||
| 10–19 | 126 (32.0) | 3.401 (0.637) | 3.179 (0.754) | 3.515 (0.775) | 2.500 (1.237) | ||||
| Over 20 | 126 (32.0) | 3.477 (0.763) | 3.222 (0.813) | 3.634 (0.853) | 2.579 (1.322) | ||||
| Work experience in older people care, years | 0.044 a | 0.849 a | 0.065 a | 0.479 a | |||||
| Under 5 | 66 (16.8) | 3.330 (0.709) | 3.133 (0.773) | 3.393 (0.850) | 2.348 (1.240) | ||||
| 5–10 | 92 (23.4) | 3.618 (0.694) | 3.188 (0.844) | 3.698 (0.791) | 2.614 (1.324) | ||||
| 10–15 | 87 (22.1) | 3.371 (0.605) | 3.175 (0.734) | 3.456 (0.765) | 2.436 (1.188) | ||||
| Over 15 | 149 (37.8) | 3.455 (0.766) | 3.234 (0.820) | 3.612 (0.854) | 2.587 (1.304) | ||||
| Highest completed degree | 0.001 a | 0.005 a | 0.015 a | 0.010 a | |||||
| Vocational degree | 378 (95.9) | 3.459 (0.700) | 3.199 (0.796) | 3.562 (0.815) | 2.517 (1.270) | ||||
| Bachelor's degree (university or a university of applied sciences) | 4 (1.0) | 4.423 (0.525) | 4.159 (0.571) | 4.562 (0.718) | 4.250 (0.957) | ||||
| Master's degree (university or a university of applied sciences), doctoral degree, and others | 12 (3.0) | 2.967 (0.770) | 2.697 (0.585) | 3.187 (0.936) | 2.041 (1.010) | ||||
| Participation in professional events (e.g., scientific conferences and National Wound Days) in the last 2 years | 0.830 b | 0.267 b | 0.867 b | 0.710 b | |||||
| Yes | 47 (11.9) | 3.432 (0.745) | 3.315 (0.817) | 3.542 (0.869) | 2.5851 (1.311) | ||||
| No | 347 (88.1) | 3.456 (0.708) | 3.177 (0.795) | 3.564 (0.819) | 2.511 (1.269) | ||||
| Participation in expert networks (e.g., an organisation's own internal, national, or international network) in the last 2 years | 0.359 b | 0.866 b | 0.954 b | 0.210 b | |||||
| Yes | 54 (13.7) | 3.371 (0.795) | 3.176 (0.875) | 3.555 (0.765) | 2.722 (1.250) | ||||
| No | 340 (86.3) | 3.467 (0.698) | 3.196 (0.786) | 3.562 (0.835) | 2.488 (1.275) | ||||
| Participation in the organisation's internal/external education in the last 2 years | 0.218 b | 0.248 b | 0.397 b | 0.533 b | |||||
| Yes | 303 (76.9) | 3.478 (0.698) | 3.219 (0.792) | 3.580 (0.804) | 2.498 (1.285) | ||||
| No | 91 (23.1) | 3.373 (0.752) | 3.108 (0.816) | 3.497 (0.890) | 2.593 (1.233) | ||||
| Following professional social media in the last 2 years | 0.051 b | 0.023 b | 0.092 b | 0.340 b | |||||
| Yes | 119 (30.2) | 3.560 (0.688) | 3.333 (0.759) | 3.668 (0.781) | 2.613 (1.242) | ||||
| No | 275 (69.8) | 3.407 (0.718) | 3.133 (0.808) | 3.515 (0.840) | 2.480 (1.286) | ||||
| Working as an educator in the last 2 years | 0.001 b , c | 0.277 b | 0.953 b | 0.443 b | |||||
| Yes | 6 (1.5) | 3.753 (1.221) | 3.545 (1.078) | 3.541 (1.041) | 2.916 (1.744) | ||||
| No | 388 (98.5) | 3.449 (0.702) | 3.188 (0.793) | 3.561 (0.822) | 2.514 (1.266) | ||||
| Completing one continuous education courses | 0.141 b | 0.019 b | 0.152 b | 0.256 b | |||||
| Yes | 58 (14.7) | 3.326 (0.744) | 2.967 (0.876) | 3.418 (0.920) | 2.344 (1.301) | ||||
| No | 336 (85.3) | 3.475 (0.705) | 3.233 (0.778) | 3.586 (0.806) | 2.550 (1.267) | ||||
| Completing 2–5 continuous education courses | 0.881 b | 0.273 b | 0.806 b | 0.835 b | |||||
| Yes | 243 (61.7) | 3.449 (0.713) | 3.159 (0.779) | 3.553 (0.835) | 2.530 (1.284) | ||||
| No | 151 (38.3) | 3.460 (0.711) | 3.249 (0.826) | 3.574 (0.809) | 2.503 (1.257) | ||||
| Completing over 5 continuous education courses | 0.162 b | 0.001 b | 0.043 b , c | 0.479 b | |||||
| Yes | 93 (23.6) | 3.544 (0.681) | 3.426 (0.745) | 3.672 (0.720) | 2.602 (1.225) | ||||
| No | 301 (76.4) | 3.426 (0.720) | 3.122 (0.801) | 3.527 (0.852) | 2.495 (1.288) | ||||
| Completing education regarding wound care | 0.578 b | < 0.001 b | 0.010 b , c | 0.679 b | |||||
| Yes | 128 (32.5) | 3.482 (0.693) | 3.415 (0.777) | 3.640 (0.730) | 2.558 (1.228) | ||||
| No | 266 (67.5) | 3.440 (0.721) | 3.087 (0.787) | 3.523 (0.865) | 2.501 (1.295) | ||||
| Rehabilitative care education (GeroNursingCentre) | 0.801 b | 0.828 b | 0.794 b | 0.948 b | |||||
| Yes | 52 (13.2) | 3.430 (0.738) | 3.171 (0.808) | 3.533 (0.807) | 2.509 (1.234) | ||||
| No | 342 (86.8) | 3.457 (0.708) | 3.197 (0.797) | 3.565 (0.828) | 2.521 (1.280) | ||||
| Completing education regarding falls | 0.336 b | 0.066 b | 0.298 b | 0.238 b | |||||
| Yes | 85 (21.6) | 3.519 (0.721) | 3.334 (0.795) | 3.644 (0.783) | 2.664 (1.247) | ||||
| No | 309 (78.4) | 3.435 (0.709) | 3.155 (0.796) | 3.538 (0.835) | 2.480 (1.279) | ||||
| Completing education regarding predicting infections | 0.547 b | 0.038 b | 0.251 b | 0.145 b | |||||
| Yes | 75 (19.0) | 3.498 (0.651) | 3.366 (0.724) | 3.660 (0.725) | 2.713 (1.249) | ||||
| No | 319 (81.0) | 3.443 (0.726) | 3.153 (0.810) | 3.538 (0.845) | 2.474 (1.276) | ||||
| Completing education in care needs assessment (NEWS, ISBAR, cABCDE) | 0.011 b | 0.003 b | 0.125 b | 0.049 b | |||||
| Yes | 99 (25.1) | 3.611 (0.700) | 3.396 (0.814) | 3.671 (0.769) | 2.737 (1.306) | ||||
| No | 295 (74.9) | 3.400 (0.709) | 3.125 (0.782) | 3.524 (0.840) | 2.447 (1.255) | ||||
| Completed RAI (resident assessment instrument) online education | 0.528 b | 0.042 b | 0.789 b | 0.024 b | |||||
| Yes | 156 (39.6) | 3.481 (0.690) | 3.294 (0.767) | 3.575 (0.772) | 2.698 (1.256) | ||||
| No | 238 (60.4) | 3.435 (0.726) | 3.127 (0.812) | 3.552 (0.859) | 2.403 (1.272) | ||||
| RAISoft online education | 0.059 b | < 0.001 b | 0.015 b | 0.005 b , c | |||||
| Yes | 247 (62.7) | 3.506 (0.717) | 3.308 (0.808) | 3.639 (0.803) | 2.510 (1.335) | ||||
| No | 147 (37.3) | 3.366 (0.696) | 3.001 (0.744) | 3.430 (0.845) | 2.537 (1.164) | ||||
| Basic education delivered by a RAI educator | 0.109 b | 0.039 b | 0.067 b | 0.846 b | |||||
| Yes | 108 (27.4) | 3.547 (0.688) | 3.329 (0.763) | 3.685 (0.768) | 2.500 (1.266) | ||||
| No | 286 (72.6) | 3.418 (0.718) | 3.142 (0.806) | 3.514 (0.841) | 2.528 (1.277) |
Note: p = p‐value. bolded = statistical significance p < 0.05.
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
a
One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
b
Independent samples t–test.
c
Exact sig.