Table 1.

Country sample: health systems and healthcare workforce figures

Categories	Denmark	Portugal	UK	Germany	Netherlands	Switzerland	Kazakhstan	Romania	Serbia
Health system/ governance	NHS, public & some professional corporatism; decentralised	NHS, public & professional corporatism; partly decentralised	NHS, some corporatism; centralised but devolution	SHI with joint self-governance & corporatism; decentralised	SHI with regulated competition & corporatism; centralised	SHI with managed competition & corporatism; decentralised	SHI with strong state regulation, very little corporatism; centralised	SHI with some state regulation & corporatism; partly decentralised	SHI with state regulation & little corporatism; centralised
Total health expenditure, %GDP*	9.5	10.6	11.3	12.7	10.2	11.3	3.79#	6.27#	8.73#
Health & social work, % total civilian employment*	18.22	8.71	12.93	13.94	16.12	14.46	6.4Ω	4.89	7.03∫
Total health & social employment, density*	94.76	41.67	62.21	74.37	89.79	84.51	n/a	22.18	24.35∫
Physician density*	4.38	n/a	3.18	4.53	3.9	4.44	2.98§	3.51	2.70§
Physicians aged ≥ 55, % of all physicians*	29	n/a	14	45	24	37	n/a	20	n/a
GP density*	0.80	2. 97	0.81	1.03	1.83	1.14	n/a	0.79	0.60≠
GPs, % of all physicians*	18.17	53.05	25.41	22.85	46.88	25.8	n/a	25.58	19.37≠
Nurse density*	10.24	n/a	8.66	12.3	11.38	18.39	6.51§	7.99	5.79§

Sources: authors’ own table, updated and amended [41]

*All countries, except Serbia and Kazakhstan, 2022 or nearest year; workforce data refer to: practising physicians; head counts of physicians/nurses per 1000 population[16]

^#Kazakhstan, Romania, and Serbia [56]

^ΩKazakhstan, calculated from a survey 2021 [62]

^§Kazakhstan and Serbia: physician density, nurse density [17, p. 133, p. 167]

^∫Serbia: [67, p. 68]

^≠Serbia: [68, p. 34]

n/a  data not available or dated