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. 2024 Dec 31;22:601. doi: 10.1186/s12916-024-03754-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Flow chart. A Flow chart for screening eligible publications. B Number of models included in the systematic review and external validation of CKB. The larger box corresponds to the aggregate number of models included in the systematic review, including (1) models originally developed for the target population and (2) those previously validated within the target population (not originally developed for the target populations). The smaller box represents models externally validated in CKB, including 11 models validated in the general population and 2 models validated in HBV infected individuals. Abbreviations: CKB, China Kadoorie Biobank; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; SRMA, systematic review and meta-analysis