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. 2024 Dec 31;22:1172. doi: 10.1186/s12967-024-06006-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — The mediating effect of peripheral markers and protein biomarkers in the association between epilepsy and other brain disorders. (a) Mediation of the top 4 peripheral markers simultaneously associated with epilepsy and 5 studied brain disorders. (b) Mediation of the top 4 proteins simultaneously associated with epilepsy and 5 studied brain disorders. The model adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and qualification. Values in parentheses are effect values between epilepsy and stroke adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Dashed and solid lines indicate direct and causally mediated effects, respectively. Value in the box indicates the proportion of mediation. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase, ALP, alkaline phosphatase, RBC count, red blood cell count, HDL, high-density lipoprotein