Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in this network meta-analysis
| Reference | Region | Sample size | Age (year) | Sex (M/F) | Subjects | Duration (month) |
Interventions | Outcomes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T | C | T | C | T | C | T | C | |||||
| Xu et al. 2016 [18] | Zhejiang | 40 | 40 | 20.50 ± 2.30 | 20.70 ± 1.90 | 24/16 | 26/14 | interns | 13 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Zhang et al. 2018 [19] | Beijing | 50 | 50 | 27.77 ± 2.22 | 27.72 ± 2.12 | 30/20 | 29/21 | interns | 15 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Ma et al. 2018 [4] | Xinjiang | 120 | 120 | - | - | 73/47 | 72/48 | interns | - | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Dong et al. 2018 [20] | Jiangsu | 25 | 25 | 26.07 ± 1.03 | 26.11 ± 0.97 | 5/20 | 6/19 | residents | 13 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Tang et al. 2019 [21] | Chongqing | 24 | 24 | 25.87 ± 1.22 | 25.69 ± 1.17 | 9/15 | 10/14 | residents | 12 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Peng et al. 2021 [22] | Hunan | 21 | 21 | 22.49 ± 1.59 | 22.40 ± 1.61 | 10/11 | 9/12 | interns | 13 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Li et al. 2021 [23] | Jiangsu | 23 | 23 | 21.31 ± 0.57 | 24.44 ± 0.63 | 10/13 | 8/15 | interns | 13 | CBL | LBL | ①② |
| Yang et al. 2022 [24] | Sichuan | 30 | 30 | 25.10 ± 1.09 | 25.13 ± 1.17 | 15/15 | 16/14 | interns | 12 | CBL | LBL | ① |
| Zhou et al. 2019 [25] | Shanghai | 20 | 20 | - | - | - | - | interns | 26 | CP | LBL | ①② |
| Hou et al. 2022 [26] | Guangdong | 20 | 20 | 24.18 ± 0.54 | 24.31 ± 0.53 | 9/11 | 10/10 | residents | 61 | CP | LBL | ①② |
| Li et al. 2012 [27] | Henan | 20 | 20 | - | - | - | - | interns | 6 | EBM | LBL | ①② |
| Jiang et al. 2017 [28] | Jiangsu | 31 | 31 | - | - | - | - | residents | 36 | EBM | LBL | ① |
| Jiang et al. 2020 [29] | Hubei | 40 | 40 | 21.84 ± 1.13 | 21.23 ± 1.11 | 21/19 | 22/18 | interns | 13 | EBM | LBL | ①② |
| Zhang et al. 2019 [30] | Henan | 42 | 43 | 21.90 ± 0.80 | 21.80 ± 0.70 | 20/22 | 22/21 | interns | 10 | FCM | LBL | ①② |
| Chen et al. 2020 [31] | Guizhou | 30 | 30 | - | - | - | - | interns | 12 | FCM | LBL | ①② |
| Wang et al. 2021 [32] | Neimenggu | 15 | 15 | 28.60 ± 1.30 | 28.50 ± 1.40 | 8/7 | 9/6 | residents | 18 | FCM | LBL | ①② |
| Zhu et al. 2022 [33] | Anhui | 21 | 21 | 24.76 ± 0.29 | 24.81 ± 0.31 | 11/17 | 13/18 | residents | 4 | FCM | LBL | ①② |
| Zhao Ting. 2014 [34] | Henan | 30 | 30 | 19.31 ± 1.02 | 19.05 ± 0.97 | 16/14 | 12/18 | interns | 6 | PBL | LBL | ① |
| Cai et al. 2017 [5] | Guizhou | 25 | 25 | 24.30 ± 2.70 | 24.20 ± 1.20 | 5/20 | 3/22 | residents | - | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Liu et al. 2017 [35] | Anhui | 30 | 30 | 22.20 ± 1.51 | 22.90 ± 1.65 | 12/18 | 16/14 | interns | 10 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Li et al. 2017 [36] | Xinjiang | 40 | 40 | - | - | - | - | interns | 12 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Long et al. 2018 [6] | Ningxia | 26 | 26 | 22.63 ± 1.03 | 22.94 ± 1.05 | 11/15 | 10/16 | interns | 9 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Zhang et al. 2018 [37] | Liaoning | 21 | 21 | 21.90 ± 1.20 | 22.50 ± 1.60 | 7/14 | 6/15 | interns | 18 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Zhao et al. 2018 [38] | Neimenggu | 50 | 50 | - | - | - | - | interns | 33 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Ma et al. 2019 [39] | Fujian | 23 | 23 | 23.38 ± 1.06 | 23.25 ± 1.03 | 8/15 | 9/14 | interns | 33 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Hu et al. 2019 [40] | Anhui | 30 | 30 | 21.2 ± 0.41 | 21.27 ± 0.45 | 16/14 | 15/15 | interns | 10 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Rong et al. 2021 [41] | Anhui | 20 | 20 | 25.46 ± 1.04 | 25.42 ± 1.02 | 5/15 | 6/14 | interns | 12 | PBL | LBL | ①② |
| Lei et al. 2016 [42] | Xinjiang | 47 | 46 | 21.4 | 21.3 | 25/22 | 24/22 | interns | 6 | TBL | LBL | ① |
| Yin et al. 2019 [43] | Neimenggu | 15 | 15 | - | - | - | - | residents | 13 | TBL | LBL | ② |
| Fan et al. 2020 [44] | Shanxi | 33 | 33 | 22.27 ± 0.81 | 22.47 ± 0.76 | 14/19 | 15/18 | interns | 10 | TBL | LBL | ①② |
| Zhang et al. 2022 [45] | Liaoning | 100 | 100 | 23.76 ± 0.88 | 23.72 ± 0.89 | 56/44 | 57/43 | interns | 5 | TBL | LBL | ①② |
Age is described as the mean ± standard deviation. F, female; M, male; T, test group; C, control group. PBL, problem-based learning; CBL, case-based learning; EBM, evidence-based medicine; FCM, flipped classroom model; TBL, team-based learning; CP, clinical pathway; LBL, lecture-based learning. ① the theoretical exam scores; ② the practical skill scores