Table 1.
Summary of included models grouped by outcome definition.
| Author (year) | Population (data source, location) |
Treatment | Outcome definition (timing) |
N | No. with outcome/ mean response |
Predictors included in final model | Model type, performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insomnia Severity Index | |||||||
| Blom et al. (2021) | Adults with insomnia (4 RCTs, Sweden) | CBT-I | ISI (EOT) | 252 | Δ ISI = 5.68 | Baseline ISI, baseline SRBQ (items 14, 17, 19, 24), factor 3 (blocking thoughts), factor 8 (napping), factor 10 (checking time) | Linear regression, R = 0.21 |
| ISI <8 or Δ ISI >7 and ISI <15 (3–10yrs) | 199 | 133/199 (67%) | Baseline ISI, Δ ISI, Δ DBAS, Δ SRBQ, Δ SPAQ | Logistic regression, Tjur’s R2 = 0.37 | |||
| ISI <8 or Δ ISI >7 and ISI <15 (3–10yrs) | 199 | 133/199 (67%) | Baseline ISI, Δ ISI, baseline DBAS (items 1, 3, 5), Δ DBAS (items 5, 10), baseline SRBQ (items 4, 5, 7, 15), Δ SRBQ (items 7, 15), Δ Factor 4 (blaming poor sleep), Δ Factor 10 (checking time) | Logistic regression, Tjur’s R2 = 0.59 | |||
| Constantino et al. (2007) | Adults with insomnia referred for CBT by sleep specialist (Sleep center, USA) | CBT-I | Δ daytime interference (EOT) | 29 | Δ DI: 2.88 | Group Therapy Session Report (expectancy, affiliation, critical confrontation, expectancy*affiliation, expectancy*critical confrontation, affiliation*critical confrontation) | Linear regression, Adjusted R2 = −0.09 |
| Pruiksma et al. (2020) | Active-duty military members with insomnia on psychotropic and/or hypnotic medications for at least one month (RCT, USA) | CBT-I | Δ ISI (EOT) | 99 | NR | Baseline ISI, baseline BDI score, history of head injury, baseline TST | Linear regression, R = 0.24 |
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ ISI–P (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep expectations, insomnia consequences), ABS (time arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.26 |
| Δ ISI–P (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep expectation, insomnia consequences), ABS (time arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.19 | |||
| Δ ISI–C (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep, insomnia consequences), ABS (avoidance of napping, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (anxiety subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.18 | |||
| Δ ISI–C (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences subscale, sleep habits subscale), ABS (bedtime hour, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Global | Linear regression, R = 0.33 | |||
| Forsell et al. (2022) | Non-depressed adults with insomnia (RCT, Sweden) | CBT-I | ISI >8 or Δ ISI ≤7 (EOT) | 199 | 66/199 (33%) | ISI, MADRS-S, CORE-9, DBAS (items 4, 11, 17, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29), insomnia knowledge, GSE, SRBQ (items 7,9,25,28), SPAQ (items 1,2,3,4 and additional item), PSS-4, WAI score, TCS score, clinician ratings (activity, contact, sleep restriction and stimulus control, attitude towards sleep and CBT-I, homework, sleep medication, affected adherence, affected sleep, motivation) | Logistic regression, Accuracy = 0.67 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | |||||||
| Currie et al. (2002) | Adults ≤60 years with insomnia secondary to chronic pain, RCT (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | PSQI RCI>1.96 (EOT) | 51 | 20/51 (39.2%) | Sleep self-efficacy scale | Logistic regression, Accuracy = 0.71 |
| Morgan et al. (2003) | Adults ≥30 years using hypnotics for at least the previous month and requested a refill (RCT, UK) | CBT-I | Δ PSQI (3m) | 55 | Δ PSQI: 2.8 | baseline PSQI score, IPQ (cure/control subscale) | Linear regression, R = 0.35 |
| Shi et al. (2021) | Adults with insomnia age 18–70 (Cohort study, China) | TMS | Δ PSQI (EOT) | 25 | Δ PSQI: 3.20 | baseline power envelope connectivity, age, sex | PLS regression, Cross-validated R2: Alpha band: 0.60 Beta band: 0.80 Gamma band: 0.66 Delta band: 0.46 Theta band: 0.58 |
| Δ PSQI (1m) | 25 | Δ PSQI: 5.84 | baseline power envelope connectivity, age, sex | PLS regression, Cross-validated R2: Alpha band: 0.52 Beta band: 0.62 Gamma band: 0.31 Delta band: 0.28 Theta band: 0.55 |
|||
| Sleep Efficiency | |||||||
| Jansson-Frojmark and Linton (2008) | Adults 18–65 years with insomnia (RCT, Sweden) | CBT-I | Δ SE (1 yr) | 64 | Δ SE: +13% | # of CBT sessions, baseline DBAS | Linear regression, R = 0.15 |
| Morgan et al. (2003) | Adults ≥30 years who had been taking hypnotics for at least the previous month and requested a refill (RCT, UK) | CBT-I | Δ SE (3m) | 54 | Δ SE: +11.3% | baseline SE, IPQ (cure/control subscale) | Linear regression, R = 0.54 |
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ SEa (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep subscale, insomnia consequences subscale), ABS (time of arising from bed, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.28 |
| Δ SEa (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences subscale, sleep habits subscale), ABS (bedtime hour, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (anxiety subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.31 | |||
| Δ SEb (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (causal attributions subscale, sleep expectations subscale), ABS (time arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.18 | |||
| Δ SEb (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences subscale, sleep habits subscale), ABS (time arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Global | Linear regression, R = 0.20 | |||
| Sleep Onset Latency | |||||||
| Currie et al. (2002) | Adults ≤60 years with insomnia secondary to chronic pain, RCT (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | SOL ≤30 min (EOT) | 51 | 5/51 (29.4%) | BDI, smoking status, sleep medications | Logistic regression, Accuracy = 0.71 |
| Espie et al. (2001) | Adults with insomnia referred to a sleep clinic (Primary care, Scotland) | CBT-I | Δ SOL ≥50% (12m) | 109 | 45/109 (41.3%) | Insomnia severity, DBAS factor II | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.56, Specificity = 0.74 |
| SOL ≤30 min (12m) | 109 | 70/109 (64.2%) | Insomnia severity, DBAS factor II | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.88, Specificity = 0.35 | |||
| Δ SOL ≥50% and SOL ≤30 min (12m) | 109 | 38/109 (34.9%) | DBAS factor II | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.91, Specificity = 0.21 | |||
| Inoue et al. (2015) | Adults aged 20–84 with insomnia (RCT, Japan) | Eszopiclone | SOL ≤30 min (4 wk) | 58 | 35/58 (60.3%) | Age, sex, BMI, number of comorbidities, baseline SOL | Logistic regression, AUC = 0.73 |
| Morgan et al. (2003) | Adults ≥30 years who had been taking hypnotics for at least the previous month and requested a refill (RCT, UK) | CBT-I | Δ SOL (3m) | 56 | Δ SOL: 27.7 min | baseline SOL | Linear regression, R = 0.37 |
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ SOLa (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep subscale, sleep habits subscale), ABS (avoidance of napping, sleep restriction), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.21 |
| Δ SOLa (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep subscale, sleep habits subscale), ABS (time arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.29 | |||
| Δ SOLb (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep subscale, sleep expectations subscale), ABS (time of arising from bed, sleep restriction), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.23 | |||
| Δ SOLb (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep expectations subscale, insomnia consequences subscale), ABS (bedtime hour, time of arising from bed), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.27 | |||
| Total Sleep Time | |||||||
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ TSTa (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep, insomnia consequences), ABS (time of arising from bed, sleep restriction), Δ HADS (anxiety subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.26 |
| Δ TSTa (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences, sleep habits), ABS (bedtime hour, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.26 | |||
| Δ TSTb (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (causal attributions, sleep expectations), ABS (avoidance of napping, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (anxiety), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.32 | |||
| Δ TSTb (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep expectations, sleep habits), ABS (time of arising from bed, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.32 | |||
| Wake After Sleep Onset | |||||||
| Currie et al. (2002) | Adults ≤60 years with insomnia secondary to chronic pain, RCT (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | WASO ≤30 min (EOT) | 51 | 23/51 (45.1%) | Pain severity, smoking status | Logistic regression, Accuracy = 0.63 |
| Espie et al. (2001) | Adults with insomnia referred to a sleep clinic (Primary care, Scotland) | CBT-I | Δ WASO ≥50% (12m) | 109 | 54/109 (49.5%) | BDI score, SDQ factor IV, insomnia severity | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.70, Specificity = 0.64 |
| WASO ≤30 min (12m) | 109 | 69/109 (63.3%) | Insomnia severity, STAI state | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.77, Specificity = 0.46 | |||
| Δ WASO ≥50% and WASO ≤30 min (12m) | 109 | 44/109 (40.4%) | BDI score, SDQ factor IV | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.87, Specificity = 0.42 | |||
| Inoue et al. (2015) | Adults aged 20–84 with insomnia, 46 sleep clinics in (RCT, Japan) | Eszopiclone | WASO ≤30 min (4 wk) | 51 | 35/51 (68.6%) | Age, sex, BMI, number of comorbidities, baseline WASO | Logistic regression, AUC = 0.87 |
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ WASOa (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep expectations, insomnia consequences), ABS (time of arising from bed, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.38 |
| Δ WASOa (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences, sleep habits), ABS (time of arising from bed, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (anxiety), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.43 | |||
| Δ WASOb (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (causal attributions, insomnia consequences), ABS (avoidance of napping, sleep restriction), Δ HADS (total), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Clinician | Linear regression, R = 0.29 | |||
| Δ WASOb (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (sleep habits, sleep expectations), ABS (bedtime hour, time of arising from bed), Δ HADS (anxiety), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Global | Linear regression, R = 0.22 | |||
| Total Wake Time | |||||||
| Tremblay et al. (2009) | Adult women with chronic insomnia secondary to breast cancer (RCT, Canada) | CBT-I | Δ TWTa (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep, insomnia consequences), ABS (time of arising from bed, arising during night awakenings), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.28 |
| Δ TWTa (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (control of sleep, insomnia consequences), ABS (time of arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (anxiety subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.30 | |||
| Δ TWTb (EOT) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (causal attributions, insomnia consequences), ABS (avoidance of napping, time of arising from bed), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Participant | Linear regression, R = 0.32 | |||
| Δ TWTb (6m) | 47 | NR | Δ DBAS (insomnia consequences, sleep habits), ABS (time of arising from bed, avoidance of napping), Δ HADS (depression subscale), TEPCQ, TAPQ-Global | Linear regression, R = 0.23 | |||
| Constantino et al. (2007) | Adults with insomnia referred for CBT by sleep specialist (Sleep center, USA) | CBT-I | Δ TWT (EOT) | 49 | Δ TWT: 28.47% | Group Therapy Session Report (expectancy, affiliation, critical confrontation, expectancy*affiliation, expectancy*critical confrontation, affiliation*critical confrontation) | Linear regression, Adjusted R2 = 0.06 |
| Sleep Quality | |||||||
| Jansson-Frojmark and Linton (2008) | Adults age 18–65 with insomnia (RCT, Sweden) | CBT-I | Δ SQ (1 yr) | 64 | Δ SQ: 1.3 | Age Δ DBAS (total), insomnia duration | Linear regression, R = 0.09 Linear regression, R = 0.31 |
| Number of Nocturnal Awakenings | |||||||
| Espie et al. (2001) | Adults with insomnia referred to a sleep clinic (Primary care, Scotland) | CBT-I | Δ nWAKE ≥50% (1yr) | 109 | 31/109 (28.4%) | BDI | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.13, Specificity = 1.0 |
| Enjoyment of Sleep | |||||||
| Espie et al. (2001) | Adults with insomnia referred to a sleep clinic (Primary care, Scotland) | CBT-I | Δ Enjoy ≥50% (1yr) | 109 | 29/109 (26.6%) | PSWQ, marital status, credibility | Logistic regression, Sensitivity = 0.17, Specificity = 0.94 |
| Outcome: hypnotic-free nights/week | |||||||
| Morgan et al. (2003) | Adults ≥30 years who had been taking hypnotics for at least the previous month and requested a refill (RCT, UK) | CBT-I | Δ hypnotic-free nights/week (3m) | 57 | Δ hypnotic-free nights/week: −2.2 | HADS (anxiety), baseline # hypnotic-free nights/week | Linear regression, R = 0.22 |
Abbreviations: CBT-I = cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, ISI = insomnia severity index, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, WASO = wake after sleep onset, SOL = sleep onset latency, SE = sleep efficiency, TST = total sleep time, SQ = sleep quality, TWT = total wake time, RCI = reliable change index, PLS = partial least squares, NR = not reported, Δ = change, EOT = end of treatment, m = months, yr = years, wk = weeks, nWAKE = number of nocturnal awakenings, enjoy = enjoyment of sleep, DBAS = Dysfunctional Beliefs About Sleep questionnaire, HADS = Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, TEPCQ = Treatment Expectancies and Perceived Credibility Questionnaire, TAPQ = Therapeutic Alliance Perception Questionnaire, ABS = Adherence to Behavioral Strategies, SDQ = Sleep Disorders Questionnaire, BDI = Beck Depression Inventory, SPAQ = Sleep Practices and Attitudes Questionnaire, SRBQ = Sleep Related Behaviors Questionnaire, BMI = body mass index, DI = daytime interference, IPQ = Illness Perception Questionnaire.
a
from sleep diary
b
from polysomnogram.