Table 2. Reliability and validity results.
| Constructs | Items | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | rho_A | Composite Reliability | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | GM1 | 0.836 | 0.925 | 0.926 | 0.944 | 0.770 |
| GM2 | 0.884 | |||||
| GM3 | 0.906 | |||||
| GM4 | 0.894 | |||||
| GM5 | 0.867 | |||||
| PSC | PSC1 | 0.847 | 0.901 | 0.904 | 0.931 | 0.771 |
| PSC2 | 0.899 | |||||
| PSC3 | 0.908 | |||||
| PSC4 | 0.901 | |||||
| ACC | ACC1 | 0.859 | 0.942 | 0.942 | 0.958 | 0.885 |
| ACC2 | 0.848 | |||||
| ACC3 | 0.846 | |||||
| INV | INV1 | 0.801 | 0.935 | 0.937 | 0.947 | 0.69 |
| INV2 | 0.819 | |||||
| INV3 | 0.847 | |||||
| INV4 | 0.867 | |||||
| INV5 | 0.802 | |||||
| INV6 | 0.831 | |||||
| INV7 | 0.846 | |||||
| INV8 | 0.809 | |||||
| BR | BR1 | 0.874 | 0.924 | 0.924 | 0.943 | 0.767 |
| BR2 | 0.869 | |||||
| BR3 | 0.844 | |||||
| BR4 | 0.850 | |||||
| BR5 | 0.884 | |||||
| EXP | EXP1 | 0.852 | 0.938 | 0.938 | 0.953 | 0.801 |
| EXP2 | 0.873 | |||||
| EXP3 | 0.893 | |||||
| EXP4 | 0.871 | |||||
| EXP5 | 0.865 | |||||
| INT | INT1 | 0.834 | 0.935 | 0.937 | 0.951 | 0.795 |
| INT2 | 0.912 | |||||
| INT3 | 0.880 | |||||
| EL | EGL1 | 0.808 | 0.813 | 0.831 | 0.863 | 0.657 |
| EGL2 | 0.858 | |||||
| EGL3 | 0.802 | |||||
| EGL4 | 0.774 | |||||
| AD | AD1 | 0.773 | 0.847 | 0.851 | 0.887 | 0.554 |
| AD2 | 0.664 | |||||
| AD3 | 0.800 | |||||
| AD4 | 0.826 | |||||
| AD5 | 0.772 | |||||
| AD6 | 0.745 | |||||
| PSP | PSP1 | 0.869 | 0.899 | 0.9 | 0.926 | 0.713 |
| PSP2 | 0.851 | |||||
| SC | SC1 | 0.792 | 0.912 | 0.913 | 0.932 | 0.696 |
| SC2 | 0.875 | |||||
| SC3 | 0.855 | |||||
| SC4 | 0.850 | |||||
| SC5 | 0.841 | |||||
| SC6 | 0.789 | |||||
| DC | DC1 | 0.823 | 0.864 | 0.878 | 0.899 | 0.602 |
| DC2 | 0.861 | |||||
| DC3 | 0.772 | |||||
| DC4 | 0.813 | |||||
| DC5 | 0.770 | |||||
| DC6 | 0.784 |
Notes: GM, growth mindset; PSC, psychological sense of community; ACC, accessible; BR, best regard; EXP, expectation; INV, invested; INT, institutional integrity; EL, engaged learning; AD, academic determination; PSP, positive perspective; SC, social connectedness; DC, diverse citizenship; AVE, average variance extracted. PTS and THR are second-order reflective constructs, so there is no estimation here.