Table 2.
Association of covariates and osteoporosis risk.
| Variables | OR (95% CI) | p_value |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1 (reference) | |
| Female | 4.67 (3.68, 5.94) | <0.001 |
| Race | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 (reference) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 0.35 (0.24, 0.50) | <0.001 |
| Mexican American | 0.84 (0.61, 1.15) | 0.265 |
| Other Hispanic | 1.03 (0.69, 1.53) | 0.902 |
| Other Race* | 1.46 (1.05, 2.04) | 0.024 |
| PIR | 0.79 (0.73, 0.85) | <0.001 |
| Education level | ||
| Less than high school | 1 (reference) | |
| High school or equivalent | 0.80 (0.61, 1.05) | 0.100 |
| Above high school | 0.60 (0.47, 0.75) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | 1 (reference) | |
| Former | 0.59 (0.47, 0.74) | <0.001 |
| Now | 1.15 (0.83, 1.59) | 0.383 |
| Drinking status | ||
| Never | 1 (reference) | |
| Former | 0.67 (0.51,0.87) | 0.004 |
| Mild | 0.47 (0.36,0.61) | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 0.42 (0.26,0.68) | <0.001 |
| Heavy | 0.71 (0.44,1.14) | 0.151 |
| CVD | ||
| No | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 1.19 (0.93,1.53) | 0.173 |
| Hypertension | ||
| No | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 0.93 (0.73,1.18) | 0.545 |
| DM | ||
| No | 1 (reference) | |
| Yes | 0.71 (0.55,0.93) | 0.013 |
| HbA1c (%) | 0.80 (0.71,0.91) | 0.001 |
| ALT (u/L) | 0.97 (0.95,0.98) | <0.001 |
| AST (u/L) | 1.0 (0.99,1.01) | 0.562 |
| Serum total bilirubin(mg/dl) | 0.48 (0.31,0.75) | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.90 (0.68,1.20) | 0.464 |
| Uric acid (mg/dl) | 0.74 (0.68,0.82) | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dl) | 1.01 (0.99,1.02) | 0.233 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 1.01 (0.98,1.05) | 0.524 |
| Serum phosphorus (mg/dl) | 1.92 (1.58,2.33) | <0.001 |
| total calcium (mg/dl) | 0.84 (0.63,1.13) | 0.257 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 1.24 (0.93,1.64) | 0.135 |
| Serum iron (ug/dl) | 1.0 (0.99,1.00) | 0.064 |
Q, quartiles; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; * Other not defined by The NHANES but it does include multi-racial and non-Hispanic Asian; PIR, poverty-to-income ratio; CVD, Cardiovascular Disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ALT, alanine transaminase; AST, alanine transaminase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen.