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. 2024 Dec 19;15:1498768. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1498768

TABLE 2.

The hepatoprotective pharmacology of H. pedunculosum seeds.

Liver disease Extract/Compound Animal/cell and intervention Indicators and results (control, model, treatment, positive control groups) Refs.
Hepatic fibrosis Ethyl acetate (EAEHPS) Animal: Sprague-Dawley rats (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (50%, 3 mL/kg)
Treatment: EAEHPS (1 and 3 g/kg) for 6 weeks
Positive control: Silymarin (0.1 g/kg) for 6 weeks		 ALT↓, AST↓, TNF-a↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, TGF-β1↓, NF-κB 65↓, IκBα↑, Smad3↑.(Compared with the model group) HA/μg . L-1: 49.35 ± 5.26, 75.37 ± 22.65, 61.27 ± 8.46 (L) 54.97 ± 8.63 (H), 39.94 ± 12.61; LN/μg . L-1: 73.55 ± 13.06, 131.74 ± 20.94, 110.38 ± 27.89 (L), 108.78 ± 6.61 (H), 112.87 ± 16.94; PCⅢ/μg . L-1: 75.57 ± 5.11, 117.65 ± 29.45, 98.38 ± 10.28 (L), 93.11 ± 10.19 (H), 88.60 ± 6.92; ColⅣ/μg L-1: 58.75 ± 23.14, 78.15 ± 14.70, 54.86 ± 16.03 (L), 46.31 ± 10.88 (H), 56.75 ± 15.14 Feng et al. (2018a)
Chloroform Animal: Sprague-Dawley rats (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (50%, 3 mL/kg)
Treatment: 1 and 3 g/kg) for 10 weeks		 GPT↓, GOT↓, TBIL↓, CP↓, HA↓, LN↓, PCIII↓, ColIV↓, TBA↓, MDA↓, CAT↑, SOD↑, ALB↑.(Compared with the model group) Li et al. (2019)
Hepatic fibrosis Chloroform Animal: KM mice
Model: Induction of CCl4 (1%, 5 mL/kg)
Treatment: 10 (L), 30 (M), 60 (H) g/kg for 1 week		 ALT/U . L-1: 26.07 ± 3.23, 121.04 ± 9.8, 53.99 ± 3.21 (L), 37.25 ± 9.80 (M), 30.40 ± 2.44 (H),/); AST/U . L-1: 66.09 ± 8.99, 231.84 ± 18.32, 139.67 ± 13.98 (L), 126.63 ± 8.53 (M), 99.63 ± 36.89 (H),/; MDA/nmol . mg-1: 6.35 ± 1.49, 11.74 ± 1.07, 8.80 ± 1.87 (L) 7.77 ± 0.32 (M) 7.01 ± 0.48 (H),/; SOD/U . mg-1: 45.20 ± 6.00, 22.80 ± 4.3, 30.99 ± 2.80 (L), 41.06 ± 1.73 (M), 36.91 ± 7.89 (H),/; Caspase-3:/, 0.1674 ± 0.0061, 0.1555 ± 0.0010 (L), 0.1356 ± 0.0099 (M), 0.1096 ± 0.0083 (H),/ Jiang (2011)
Liver protection Water Animal: KM mice
Model: Induction of CCl4 (1%, 5 mL/kg)
Treatment: 10 (L), 30 (M), 60 (H) g/kg for 1 week		 ALT/U . L-1: 26.07 ± 3.23, 121.04 ± 9.8, 72.16 ± 4.9 (L), 59.59 ± 9.81 (M), 54.92 ± 7.03 (H),/; AST/U.L-1: 66.09 ± 8.99, 231.84 ± 18.32, 185.29 ± 19.63 (L) 172.25 ± 12.61 (M), 160.15 ± 12.91 (H),/; MDA/nmol . mg-1: 6.35 ± 1.49, 11.74 ± 1.07, 8.80 ± 1.87 (L), 7.77 ± 0.32 (M), 7.01 ± 0.48 (H),/; SOD/U . mg-1: 45.20 ± 6.00, 22.80 ± 4.3, 30.99 ± 2.80 (L), 41.06 ± 1.73 (M), 36.91 ± 7.89 (H),/; Caspase-3:/, 0.1674 ± 0.0061, 0.1505 ± 0.0062 (L), 0.1366 ± 0.0012 (M), 0.1026 ± 0.0096 (H),/
Chemical liver injury Water Animal: C57BL/6 male mice at 8–10 weeks of age
Cell: BRL-3A and AML12
Model: Induction of APAP (300 mg/kg, 40 mM)
Treatment: Water extract (0.3 mg/kg, 3 g/kg) in mice for 2 weeks; Water extract (100–400 μg/mL) in BRL-3A for 24 h. Water extract (100–400 μg/mL) in AML12 for 8 h		 ALT↓, AST↓, ROS↓, TNF-α↓, 1L-1β↓, HO-1↓, NQO1↓, Cell viability↑, GSH↑ Li J. et al. (2023)
Drug-induced liver injury Ethanol Animal: C57BL/6 (male); Cell: BRL-3A
Model: Induction of APAP (Cell: 40 mM, 8 h; Mice: 200 mg/kg); Treatment: ethanol extract (6.25, 12.5, 25 μg/mL) in BRL-3A; ethanol extract (0.3, 1, 3 g/kg) in mice for 15 days		 ALT↓, AST↓, ROS↓, MDA↓, Bax↓, Caspase3↓, Cleaved Caspase3↓, HO-1↑, NQO1↑, Cell viability↑, GSH↑ Liao (2023)
Liver protection Petroleum ether Animal: Sprague-Dawley rats (male)
Model: Induction of ANIT (60 mg/kg)
Treatment: Petroleum ether extract of 350 (L), 700 (M), 1400 mg/kg (H) for 5 days
Positive control: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (100 mg/kg) for 5 days		 ALT↓, AST↓, ALP↓, γ-GTP↓, TBIL↓, DBIL↓, TBA↓, degree of tissue damage↓.(Compared with the model group)
MDA/nmol . mg-1: 1.24 ± 0.04, 4.02 ± 0.06, 3.91 ± 0.49 (L), 2.61 ± 0.32 (M), 1.84 ± 0.09 (H), 2.65 ± 0.28); MPO/U . mg-1: 3.70 ± 0.42, 24.10 ± 4.26, 23.44 ± 3.01 (L), 19.79 ± 1.74 (M), 12.13 ± 0.64 (H), 15.62 ± 0.75; NO/μmol . L-1: 5.007 ± 2.678, 4.006 ± 0.732 (L), 3.523 ± 0.223 (M), 3.351 ± 0.194 (H), 2.678 ± 0.375; SOD/U . mg-1: 166.81 ± 10.80, (56.07 ± 4.62, 57.11 ± 4.19 (L), 62.56 ± 4.44 (M), 84.52 ± 7.02 (H), 109.02 ± 12.21; GST/nmol . min-1. mg-1: 56.15 ± 6.39, 37.40 ± 2.85, 38.66 ± 3.92 (L), 43.75 ± 2.59 (M), 47.60 ± 1.66 (H), 47.93 ± 3.27; NO/: 1.884 ± 0.122, 5.007 ± 2.678, 4.006 ± 0.732 (L) 3.523 ± 0.223 (M), 3.351 ± 0.194(H), 2.678 ± 0.375		 Cao et al. (2017)
Chemical liver injury Total lignans Animal: ICR mice (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (0.1%, 20 mL/kg)
Treatment: Total lignans (0.375, 0.75, 1.5, 3 g/kg) for 7 days
Positive control: Compound glycyrrhizin tablets of 113 mg/kg (P1) and biphenyl diester of 200 mg/kg (P2) for 7 days		 ALT/U . L-1: 50.68 ± 3.66, 259.70 ± 3.58, 231.81 ± 16.73 (0.375 g/kg) 210.71 ± 9.08 (0.75 g/kg) 218.25 ± 6.17 (1.5 g/kg) 202.86 ± 11.80 (3 g/kg), 194.85 ± 17.46 (P1) 220.29 ± 7.77 (P2); AST/U.L-1: 97.83 ± 8.04, 274.50 ± 7.35, 240.38 ± 12.23 (0.375 g/kg) 233.17 ± 17.42 (0.75 g/kg) 226.55 ± 16.93 (1.5 g/kg) 213.31 ± 27.07 (3 g/kg), 209.38 ± 11.61 (P1) 232.90 ± 11.61 (P2); ALP/U.L-1: 117.88 ± 12.99, 195.67 ± 16.08, 143.28 ± 12.46 (0.375 g/kg) 138.61 ± 10.53 (0.75 g/kg) 134.61 ± 12.73 (1.5 g/kg) 124.14 ± 14.72 (3 g/kg), 158.29 ± 9.55 (P1) 131.74 ± 21.67 (P2); MDA/nmol . mgprot-1: 12.54 ± 1.59, 35.32 ± 2.54, 23.64 ± 2.82 (0.375 g/kg) 20.72 ± 1.49 (0.75 g/kg) 19.73 ± 1.28 (1.5 g/kg) 16.03 ± 2.76 (3 g/kg), 17.43 ± 2.44 (P1) 20.67 ± 1.98 (P2); SOD/U . mgprot-1: 76.84 ± 3.59, 43.39 ± 1.72, 52.75 ± 2.58 (0.375 g/kg) 54.58 ± 3.24 (0.75 g/kg) 55.02 ± 1.20 (1.5 g/kg) 59.99 ± 2.35 (3 g/kg), 50.79 ± 1.93 (P1) 49.75 ± 1.93 (P2); GSH-Px/U . mgprot-1: 996.76 ± 81.60, 534.00 ± 50.58, 873.88 ± 96.38 (0.375 g/kg) 896.26 ± 151.70 (0.75 g/kg) 924.47 ± 125.97 (1.5 g/kg) 975.95 ± 152.21 (3 g/kg), 751.57 ± 46.27 (P1) 796.84 ± 83.47 (P2) Zhao et al. (2015)
Hepatic fibrosis Total lignans Animal: Sprague-Dawley rats (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (40%, 25 mg/kg)
Treatment: Total lignans of 100 (L), 200 (M), 400 mg/kg (H) for 8 weeks		 ALT/U . L-1: 82.25 ± 5.47, 200.00 ± 22.60, 139.86 ± 21.05 (L) 106.63 ± 16.60 (M) 92.75 ± 18.42 (H), 87.75 ± 114.47; AST/U . L-1: 169.25 ± 13.96, 217.57 ± 33.76, 225.86 ± 9.86 (L) 202.38 ± 38.03 (M) 178.00 ± 31.96 (H), 185.50 ± 30.87; ALP/U . L-1: 158.00 ± 4.04, 201.29 ± 25.45, 151.14 ± 226.17 (L) 171.25 ± 31.32 (M) 145.50 ± 18.53 (H), 136.50 ± 28.4; TGF-β1/ng . L-1: 173.37 ± 2.94, 225.15 ± 17.99, 210.64 ± 11.67 (L) 196.79 ± 15.77 (M) 188.32 ± 16.64 (H), 193.11 ± 13.22; HA/ng . L-1: 248.21 ± 9.99, 313.55 ± 16.29, 291.63 ± 11.37 (L) 273.21 ± 19.14 (M) 272.20 ± 21.30 (H), 271.04 ± 10.42; HYP/μg . L-1: 672.15 ± 10.85, 810.04 ± 25.60, 791.46 ± 21.34 (L) 742.96 ± 27.21 (M) 728.60 ± 40.68 (H), 725.27 ± 19.86; SOD/μg . L-1: 10.88 ± 0.28, 9.04 ± 0.46, 9.40 ± 0.46 (L) 10.02 ± 0.44 (M) 10.23 ± 0.67 (H), 10.23 ± 0.39 Liu et al. (2017a)
Acute alcoholic liver injury Total lignans Animal: KM mice (male)
Model: 56° Beijing Red Star Erguotou wine
Treatment: Total lignans of 15 (L), 25 (M), 35 mg/kg (H) for 30 days
Positive control: Polyene phosphatidylcholine (135 mg/kg) for 30 days		 AST/U . L-1: 143.7 ± 12.0, 258.7 ± 28.3, 230.0 ± 23.3 (L) 200.2 ± 25.5 (M) 222.2 ± 28.2 (H), 185.8 ± 39.6; ALT/U . L-1: 56.5 ± 6.5, 155.0 ± 27.8, 1123.3 ± 26.1 (L) 92.8 ± 14.7 (M) 98.5 ± 15.3 (H), 99.8 ± 9.6; MDA/[nmol.(mg . pro)−1]: 1.07 ± 0.14, 1.99 ± 0.87, 1.69 ± 1.26 (L) 1.14 ± 0.27 (M) 1.21 ± 0.28 (H), 1.22 ± 0.15; XOD/[U.(mg pro)−1]: 13.7 ± 1.3, 5.3 ± 3.1, 6.5 ± 1.2 (L) 8.6 ± 1.7 (M) 7.4 ± 1.0 (H), 9.9 ± 22.9; Na+-K+-ATP/[μmolPi . (mg . pro . h)−1]: 0.98 ± 0.14, 0.38 ± 0.06, 0.63 ± 0.18 (L) 0.76 ± 0.08 (M) 0.82 ± 0.10 (H), 0.75 ± 0.07; SOD/[U.(mg . pro)−1]: 65.8 ± 5.1, 61.2 ± 2.8 (L) 62.7 ± 5.7 (M) 60.0 ± 4.3 (H), 59.6 ± 2.8; GSH-Px/[U.(mg . pro)−1]: 21.1 ± 7.9, 9.5 ± 2.5, 14.3 ± 1.2 (L) 12.2 ± 1.7 (M) 13.4 ± 0.7 (H), 13.7 ± 1.0 Huang et al. (2017)
Chronic alcoholic liver injury Animal: Wistar rats (male)
Model: 56° liquor (8 mL/kg-15 mL/kg) for 8 weeks
Treatment: Total lignans of 100 (L), 200 (M), 400 mg/kg (H) for 8 weeks
Positive control: Yishanfu (95 mg/kg) for 8 weeks		 AST/U . L-1: 24.42 ± 2.79, 58.21 ± 14.83, 41.21 ± 7.69 (L) 29.92 ± 2.99 (M) 25.69 ± 10.74 (H), 36.05 ± 15.47; ALT/U . L-1: 11.34 ± 0.69, 51.53 ± 2.18, 34.83 ± 4.77 (L) 27.45 ± 1.82 (M) 331.99 ± 2.30 (H), 331.68 ± 5.09; MDA/[nmol.(mg . prot)−1]: 1.15 ± 0.33, 3.35 ± 1.15, 1.57 ± 0.19 (L) 1.09 ± 0.29 (M) 1.17 ± 0.29 (H), 1.32 ± 0.31; ADH/[nmol/(min . mg pro)]: 3.83 ± 0.82, 12.38 ± 3.60, 7.75 ± 2.89 (L) 5.99 ± 1.77 (M) 6.91 ± 1.42 (H), 8.39 ± 44.43; TG/mmol . L-1: 7.63 ± 0.73, 10.62 ± 0.74, 9.55 ± 0.99 (L) 8.51 ± 0.67 (M) 8.75 ± 0.63 (H), 8.01 ± 1.67; SOD/[U.(mg . prot)−1]: 423.81 ± 75.64, 193.52 ± 40.85, 317.09 ± 52.41 (L) 233.66 ± 64.95 (M) 296.12 ± 34.64 (H), 196.23 ± 80.47; GSH/[mg . (g . prot)−1]: 4.47 ± 1.81, 1.47 ± 0.47, 2.77 ± 0.39 (L) 3.60 ± 0.33 (M) 2.93 ± 0.53 (H), 2.11 ± 1.04; GSH-Px/[U . (mg . prot)−1]: 40.2 ± 4.45, 34.1 ± 3.85, 39.1 ± 4.85 (L) 39.5 ± 3.25 (M) 35 ± 2.71 (H), 41.5 ± 4.23; CAT/U . mL-1: 10.03 ± 1.13, 7.09 ± 1.26, 9.08 ± 0.51 (L) 9.17 ± 1.18 (M) 8.31 ± 0.95 (H), 9.36 ± 0.93; ALDH2/[nmol/(min . mg pro)]: 9.62 ± 1.96, 3.40 ± 1.33, 4.96 ± 1.59 (L) 5.78 ± 3.53 (M) 3.07 ± 1.37 (H), 5.83 ± 3.78 Huang et al. (2018)
Cholestatic liver injury Animal: KM mice (male)
Model: Induction of ANIT (0.4%, 80 mg/kg)
Treatment: Total lignans (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 g/kg) for 7 days
Positive control: Bifendate Pills group (0.15 g/kg) for 7 days		 AST/U . L-1: 36.81 ± 11.13, 197.99 ± 11.67, 173 ± 21.48 (0.05 g/kg) 127.02 ± 11.07 (0.1 g/kg) 120.56 ± 16.87 (0.2 g/kg) 107.67 ± 44.34 (0.4 g/kg), 156.83 ± 16.49; ALT/U . L-1: 26.87 ± 14.69, 470.15 ± 18.68, 275.82 ± 17.69 (0.05 g/kg) 223.29 ± 42.17 (0.1 g/kg) 206.47 ± 25.35 (0.2 g/kg) 384.08 ± 26.11 (0.4 g/kg), 220.50 ± 46.87; ALP/U . L-1: 3.4 ± 0.6, 18.27 ± 2.53, 13.40 ± 1.87 (0.05 g/kg) 11.89 ± 3.12 (0.1 g/kg) 9.98 ± 2.04 (0.2 g/kg) 11.91 ± 1.36 (0.4 g/kg), 8.26 ± 2.23; TBA/μmol . L-1: 3.63 ± 0.35, 78.10 ± 8.38, 48.13 ± 8.98 (0.05 g/kg) 44.13 ± 13.28 (0.1 g/kg) 31.83 ± 5.84 (0.2 g/kg) 50.57 ± 17.10 (0.4 g/kg), 26.94 ± 110.15; TBIL/μmol . L-1: 1.62 ± 0.66, 191.57 ± 34.47, 106.56 ± 22.48 (0.05 g/kg) 41.65 ± 17.54 (0.1 g/kg) 229.89 ± 17.11 (0.2 g/kg) 96.07 ± 18.03 (0.4 g/kg), 41.96 ± 24.65; DBIL/μmol . L-1: 0.87 ± 0.19, 124.94 ± 18.72, 27.23 ± 9.13 (0.05 g/kg) 16.76 ± 10.48 (0.1 g/kg) 10.91 ± 6.21 (0.2 g/kg) 48.08 ± 21.09 (0.4 g/kg), 8.98 ± 3.92; SOD/U . mg-1: 527.97 ± 18.82, 243.02 ± 31.43, 297.27 ± 24.09 (0.05 g/kg) 2,295.93 ± 20.08 (0.1 g/kg) 322.70 ± 20.08 (0.2 g/kg) 312.37 ± 15.70 (0.4 g/kg), 368.28 ± 15.36); MDA/nmol . mg-1: 2.41 ± 0.92, 12.66 ± 1.61, 6.91 ± 0.95 (0.05 g/kg) 8.02 ± 2.18 (0.1 g/kg) 5.69 ± 1.27 (0.2 g/kg) 8.21 ± 2.56 (0.4 g/kg), 5.93 ± 2.28; CAT/U . mg-1: 22.96 ± 1.17, 8.87 ± 1.26, 12.56 ± 1.39 (0.05 g/kg) 17.97 ± 5.30 (0.1 g/kg) 13.53 ± 4.83 (0.2 g/kg) 18.77 ± 3.78 (0.4 g/kg), 19.41 ± 3.14; GSH-Px/mg.g-1: 132.54 ± 24.50, 21.51 ± 8.74, 54.45 ± 14.00 (0.05 g/kg) 70.80 ± 9.17 (0.1 g/kg) 83.14 ± 24.01 (0.2 g/kg) 77.28 ± 10.77 (0.4 g/kg), 89.81 ± 30.43; TNF-α/ng . L-1: 43.63 ± 2.07, 65.14 ± 7.40, 52.38 ± 3.34 (0.05 g/kg) 48.20 ± 1.91 (0.1 g/kg) 45.81 ± 2.09 (0.2 g/kg) 46.75 ± 3.10 (0.4 g/kg), 44.22 ± 2.5; MCP-1/ng . L-1: 31.11 ± 2.34, 226.06 ± 43.42, 155.01 ± 30.14 (0.05 g/kg) 117.14 ± 24.86 (0.1 g/kg) 110.79 ± 19.70 (0.2 g/kg) 154.40 ± 36.39 (0.4 g/kg), 129.28 ± 32.20 Li et al. N. J. (2023)
acute alcoholic liver injury Total sterols Animal: ICR mice (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (0.3%, 10 mL/kg)
Treatment: Total sterols extract(10, 20, 50 mg/kg) for 7 days
Positive control: Silymarin (50 mg/kg) for 7 days		 AST↓, ALT↓, IL-1β↓, IL-6↓, COX-2↓, IL-10↑ Liu et al. (2022)
Immunological liver injury Fatty acid Animal: Swiss mice
Model: 2.5 mg BCG was given by tail injection
Treatment: Fatty acid extract of 7 (L), 10 (M), 14.5 mL/kg (H) for 12 days
Positive control: Bifendate (200 mg/kg) for 12 days		 MDA/nmol . mg-1: 16.26 ± 4.29, 20.56 ± 3.61, 16.51 ± 2.89 (L) 19.36 ± 3.01 (M) 19.29 ± 1.99 (H), 17.73 ± 1.01; ALT/U . L-1: 7.67 ± 1.27, 90.71 ± 16.62, 23.32 ± 8.30 (L) 45.83 ± 16.92 (M) 29.16 ± 16.90 (H), 18.84 ± 8.73; AST/U . L-1: 23.48 ± 4.39, 92.39 ± 10.81, 47.61 ± 5.37 (L) 51.54 ± 13.11 (M) 44.72 ± 15.61 (H), 54.44 ± 17.37; NO/μmol . L-1: 3.33 ± 1.69, 21.26 ± 8.20, 8.45 ± 2.13 (L) 14.21 ± 9.43 (M) 10.77 ± 3.70 (H), 7.38 ± 4.66; SOD/U.mg-1: 184.40 ± 17.25, 105.00 ± 22.71, 219.95 ± 16.13 (L) 196.19 ± 23.09 (M) 228.28 ± 27.69 (H), 127.89 ± 12.69 Chen et al. (2014)
Liver protection Animal: Sprague-Dawley rats (male)
Model: Induction of CCl4 (3 mL/kg)
Treatment: Fatty acid extract of 1(L), 2 (M), 4 g/kg (H) for 5 days
Positive control: Bifendate (200 mg/kg) for 5 days		 TG/nmol . L-1: 0.67 ± 0.21, 2.18 ± 0.53, 1.10 ± 0.38 (L) 1.03 ± 0.40 (M) 0.82 ± 0.1 (H), 1.44 ± 0.34; HDL/nmol . L-1: 0.99 ± 0.19, 1.30 ± 0.11, 0.43 ± 0.32 (L) 0.50 ± 0.13 M) 0.59 ± 0.12 (H), 0.57 ± 0.11; LDL/nmol . L-1:1.03 ± 0.24, 1.65 ± 0.10, 1.11 ± 0.37 (L) 1.08 ± 0.33 (M) 1.14 ± 0.20 (H), 1.06 ± 0.19; MDA/[nmol.(mg prot-1)]: 1.30 ± 0.11, 0.43 ± 0.32 (L) 0.50 ± 0.13 (M) 0.59 ± 0.12 (H), 0.57 ± 0.11; SOD/U . L-1: 57.69 ± 15.08, 42.86 ± 10.76, 74.28 ± 17.91 (L) 97.30 ± 12.51 (M) 102.69 ± 29.39 (H), 100.57 ± 21.66; TBIL/Umol . L-1: 1.15 ± 0.98, 11.89 ± 3.87, 6.54 ± 1.58 (L) 5.67 ± 2.07 (M) 4.75 ± 1.09 (H), 9.7 ± 2.6; AST/U . L-1: 229.00 ± 35.03, 1084.86 ± 289.13, 1181.38 ± 178.33 (L) 1039.43 ± 244.18 (M) 310.10 ± 33.99 (H), 1394.20 ± 278.11; ALT/U . L-1: 39.60 ± 5.41, 1263.43 ± 361.30, 1285.38 ± 322.05 (L) 1109.14 ± 365.50 (M) 297.40 ± 76.87 (H), 1394.20 ± 278.11; ALP/U . L-1: 136.7 ± 23.3, 281.6 ± 36.30, 220.8 ± 34.3 (L) 185.0 ± 21.3 (M) 141.3 ± 27.8 (H), 191.4 ± 29.4 Li et al. (2014)
Immunological liver injury Polysaccharide Animal: KM mice (male)
Model: ConA (30 mg/kg) injection into the tail vein
Treatment: Polysaccharide of 0.71 (L), 0.99 (M), 1.44 g/kg (H) for 8 days
Positive control: Bifendate (0.2 g/kg) for 8 days		 ALT/U . L-1: 9.0 ± 0.8, 143.6 ± 7.0, 130.2 ± 6.2(L) 115.9 ± 9.4 (M) 45.8 ± 4.7 (H), 42.6 ± 6.0; AST/U . L-1: 24.6 ± 2.4, 172.3 ± 9.4, 146.2 ± 15.4 (L) 124.2 ± 8.0 (M) 55.9 ± 4.4 (H), 172.3 ± 9.4; LDH/U . L-1: 1952.7 ± 133.7, 4606.6 ± 191.6, 3,948.3 ± 232.1 (L) 3,814.3 ± 227.8 (M) 3,187.9 ± 192.9 (H), 2,742.9 ± 179.3; NO/μmol . L-1: 2.3 ± 0.2, 6.7 ± 0.5, 4.5 ± 0.3 (L) 4.1 ± 0.5 (M) 3.6 ± 0.4 (H) 3.4 ± 0.2; IL-6/pg . mL-1: 30.4 ± 1.1, 74.5 ± 2.1, 56.5 ± 3.7 (L) 50.1 ± 2.8 (M) 45.7 ± 2.9 (H), 51.4 ± 3.2; MDA/[(nmol/mg . prot)]: 6.5 ± 0.3, 9.3 ± 0.5, 11.2 ± 0.7 (L) 9.0 ± 0.4 (M) 6.4 ± 0.7 (H), 7.5 ± 0.3; SOD/[(U/mg . prot)]: 187.6 ± 4.4 59.7 ± 4.3, 74.6 ± 3.1 (L) 99.9 ± 7.0 (M) 126 ± 10.7 (H), 90.9 ± 10.0; Degree of tissue damage↓ Li et al. (2015a)
Acute alcoholic liver injury Herpetfluorenone Animal: C57BL/6 mice; Cell: BMSCs
Model: Induction of CCl4
Treatment: 100 μM of Herpetfluorenone		 AST↓, ALT↓, ALP↓, TBA↓, MDA↓, ALB↑, SOD↑, GSH↑ Yang et al. (2023)
Acute alcoholic liver injury Herpetin Animal: C57BL/6 mice (male)Cell: BMSCs; Model: Induction of CCl4
Treatment: 10 μM of Herpetin		 AST↓, ALT↓, AKP↓, ALB↑ Ding et al. (2023)
Immunological liver injury Herpetin Animal: ICR mice (male); Model: ConA (20 mg/kg) injection into the tail vein; Treatment: 10 (L), 20 mg/kg (H) of herpetin for 7 days
Positive control: Qingkailing injection (20 mg/kg) for 5 days		 iNOS: 0.215 ± 0.004, 0.290 ± 0.013, 0.275 ± 0.012 (L) 0.239 ± 0.009 (H), 0.237 ± 0.008; TNF-α: 0.130 ± 0.006, 0.166 ± 0.008, 0.145 ± 0.004 (L) 0.139 ± 0.005 (H), 0.141 ± 0.005; NF-κB: 0.129 ± 0.006, 0.150 ± 0.004, 0.153 ± 0.006 (L) 0.130 ± 0.002 (H), 0.141 ± 0.003; IFN-γ: 0.131 ± 0.006, 0.149 ± 0.006, 0.134 ± 0.003 (L) 0.132 ± 0.003 (H), 0.132 ± 0.005; IL-4: 0.104 ± 0.002, 0.129 ± 0.004, 0.121 ± 0.004 (L) 0.118 ± 0.002 (H) 0.117 ± 0.003; SOCS1: 0.120 ± 0.007, 0.081 ± 0.005, 0.087 ± 0.007 (L) 0.091 ± 0.008 (H), 0.105 ± 0.011 Wang et al. (2016)
Immunological liver injury Herpetin Animal: ICR mice (male)
Model: Induction of BCG (2.5 mg) +LPS (7.5 μg)
Treatment: 10 (L), 20 mg/kg (H) of herpetin for 12 days
Positive control: Qingkailing injection (20 mg/kg) for 12 days		 AST/U . L-1: 96.01 ± 9.40, 197.55 ± 8.1, 184.33 ± 15.86 (L) 161.59 ± 18.20 (H), 123.55 ± 11.07; ALT/U . L-1: 42.24 ± 1.52, 101.61 ± 5.05, 92.69 ± 2.75 (L), 68.35 ± 0.94 (M), 58.32 ± 2.44; LDH/U . L-1: 239.11 ± 20.05, 546.87 ± 18.16, 481.84 ± 9.04 (L) 393.70 ± 32.96 (H), 340.78 ± 16.13; MDA/nmol . mgprot-1: 15.98 ± 1.39, 38.41 ± 1.59, 35.61 ± 1.87 (L) 29.6 ± 1.52 (H), 24.38 ± 2.03; SOD/U . (mg . prot-1:97.47 ± 9.15, 68.08 ± 12.80, 75.75 ± 9.09 (L) 85.04 ± 8.75 (H), 88.64 ± 11.92; GSH-Px/U . mg . prot-1:545.37 ± 54.86, 292.78 ± 57.38, 380.12 ± 33.94 (L) 414.53 ± 48.03 (H), 463.56 ± 32.30 Liu (2017b)