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. 2025 Jan 2;6(1):e70035. doi: 10.1002/mco2.70035

FIGURE 5.

FIGURE 5

The various applications of targeted mRNA delivery systems. (A) Lung‐targeted applications. Exosomes are decorated with various integrins and tetraspanins via the nebulization route. LNPs bind specific antibodies (e.g., anti PECAM) via the intravenous route. (B) Liver‐targeted applications. LNPs bind the targeting ligand (e.g., ATRA, GalNAc) via the intravenous route. (C) Brain‐targeted applications. LNPs bind the targeting ligand (e.g., glucose, RVG) via retro‐orbital injection; binding of glucose to GLUT1 and RVG to nAChR allows LNPs to be endocytosed by endothelial cells. (D) Spleen‐targeted applications. MC3‐based LNPs modified by PS are delivered to the spleen by binding to macrophages via the intravenous route. (E) Kidney‐targeted applications. Polyplexes decorated with cyclam bind to CRCX4 receptors for delivery to injured tubule cells via the intravenous route. Biorender was used for this figure.