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. 2024 Dec 20;15:1479181. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1479181

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Copyright © 2024 Huang, Feng, Huang, Zhang and Liao

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The predominant forms of sialic acids. (A) Kdn is the backbone of the family of sialic acids. (B) Neu5Ac and (C) Neu5Gc are the most abundant forms of sialic acids, and the former is the predominant form in humans. (D) CMP-Neu5Ac is the activated form of Neu5Ac. (E–G) Three major glycosidic bonds of sialoglycans. Kdn: neuraminic acid or deaminoneuraminic acid; Neu5Ac: N-acetylneuraminic acid; Neu5Gc: N-glycolylneuraminic acid; CMP-Neu5Ac: The cytidine 5’-monophosphate-sialic acid. The relevant chemical structures were reconstructed based on references (1, 7–9).