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. 2025 Jan 2;15:116. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83864-9

Table 8.

Comparative analysis of fabricated prototype with recent pioneer state of art.

Refs. Substrate material Number of bands Resonance frequency (GHz) Gain (dB) Size of antenna (mm2) Design type Design complexity
21 Textile Single 2.45 6.2 72.4 × 65.5 Electromagnetically-coupled patch Medium
22 Textile Dual

0.915

2.45

6.84 48 × 52 Patch with monopole Medium
23 Textile Single 2.45 4.7 140 × 70 Dual Patch Simple
24 Textile Single 2.4 1 Patch size: 40.1 × 40.1 Square patch Medium
25 Textile Single 2.45 7.46 82.4 × 35.4 EBG structure Medium
26 Polyimide Triple

1.31

3.55

5.25

4.39 55 × 42 Toroidal Medium
27 Polyethylene Single 2.45 38.5 × 25 Coplanar High
28 Ultra-lam 3850 Dual

2.4

7.48

2.36

3.1

50 × 35 Slotted circular disc patch with partial ground Medium
Proposed design Textile Single 2.5 1.73 40.35 × 23.57 Rectangular Simple