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. 2025 Jan 2;16:142. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55597-w

Fig. 10. Model of early trophoblast stem cell (TSC) differentiation and CXADR function in regulating trophoblast cell fusion dynamics.

Fig. 10

TSCs differentiate along the two main routes into junctional zone progenitors (JZP) and labyrinth progenitors (LP). Open circles between LP and JZP indicate partially shared differentiation trajectories, specifically between JZP and SynT-I precursors. CXADR was identified as a factor critical for regulating the cell fusion dynamics during subsequent differentiation into syncytiotrophoblast (SynT) cells. Cxadr KO TSCs display an enhanced differentiation towards SynT-I cells, a prolonged retention of TSCs and labyrinth progenitor (LP) (shown in bold), while differentiation into JZP and other trophoblast subtypes remains unchanged.