Fig. 3. Photocatalytic activity of the floatable artificial leaf loaded with In-MOF/GO.

a Schematic showing the photocatalytic reaction on a floatable artificial leaf loaded with In-MOF/GO. b Comparison of the CO generation rates from aerobic CO₂ reduction using In-MOF/GO-4h synthesized via in situ growth, In-MOF, GO, and In-MOF/GO synthesized via ex situ assembly. c GC-MS spectra of CO produced on In-MOF/GO-4h using ordinary ¹²CO₂ and ¹³CO₂. d Cycling test results of aerobic CO₂ photoreduction on In-MOF/GO-4h. e Dependence of CO generation rate on O₂ levels. f Product generation rates of oxidative half-reaction products in the In-MOF/GO-4h loaded artificial leaves under oxygen-free conditions. g CO generation rate as a function of time obtained from coupling of aerobic CO₂ reduction with water purification; the lower section displays the variation of COD in lake water during photoreactions, the inset shows photographic images of the lake water before and after purification. The error bar represents the standard deviation of the measurements. Reaction conditions: For b, c, d, and g, the gas atmosphere was 10% CO₂, 20% O₂ and 70% Ar; for (e), O₂ level ranged from 0% to 20%, balanced with Ar; for (f), the atmosphere was O₂-free (10% CO₂ and 90% Ar). For b–f, deionized water was used, whereas lake water collected from Beijing Olympic Park was employed for (g). Source data for Fig. 3b–g are provided as a Source Data file.