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. 2025 Jan 2;16:166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55283-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a GCMS analysis of samples obtained with electrolyte containing 0.01 M or 0.02 M of TEMPO at a current of 800 mA. b EPR signal of the electrolyte after different reaction times with a current of 400 mA using IrO_x. Normalized Faradaic efficiency of (c) O₂ (m/z = 32) and (d) Cl₂ (m/z = 69.9) collected when different electrolytes are employed using IrO_x at a current of 400 mA. e Illustration of the competing Cl₂ evolution and Cl free radical mediated C-H functionalization pathways. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.