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. 2025 Jan 2;16:166. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-55283-x

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — a Change in mass and Cl⁻ concentration of the seawater during the solar evaporation reverse osmosis process. b Chlorocyclohexane FE as a function of Cl⁻ concentration at a current of 1000 mA using Pt/IrO_x as the anode in the H-type cell. c Schematic of solar-driven chlorocyclohexane production using seawater in the MEA cell. d I-V characteristics of the PV module and LSV of the MEA system with seawater and concentrated seawater. The MPP of the PV module and intersection operating points are marked out. No IR correction was conducted. e Chlorocyclohexane FE for the solar-driven system under 1-sun illumination over a 120 min operating period using either seawater or concentrated seawater. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions were removed by addition of K₂CO₃. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.