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. 2025 Jan 3;10:2. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-02088-5

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

The reducing power of NADPH fuels ferroptosis defence. Each nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) molecule can donate two electrons. Electrons donated by NADPH reduce key anti-ferroptotic enzymes; glutathione reductase (GR), Ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), NAD(P)H Quinone Dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1), Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and retinal dehydrogenases (RDH) and thioredoxin reductases (TR), which enable them to further propagate reduction reactions of multiple metabolites and proteins; retinol, retinal, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), dihydrobiopterin (BH2), α-tocopherol quinone (αTocQ), α-tocopherol quinol (αTocQH2), ascorbate, dehydroascorbate (DHA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), thioredoxin oxidised (Trx-S2), thioredoxin reduced (Trx-(SH)2), peroxiredoxin oxidised (Prx-S2), peroxiredoxin reduced (Prx-(SH)2), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), coenzyme Q10 reduced (CoQ10H2) and vitamin K (vit K), ultimately resulting in the prevention of lipid peroxidation. Figure created using Biorender.com