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. 2025 Jan 2;15:447. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-84184-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Brca2^wt/mut male rats reveal deteriorated sperm quality. (a) Design of experiments regarding the characterization of spermatozoa. (b) Representative images of Eosin Y-Nigrosin staining (bar = 20 μm; arrowhead, viable spermatozoa; arrow, dead spermatozoa). (c) Number of spermatozoa and (d) vitality of spermatozoa are decreased in Brca2^wt/mut group both at 11 weeks and 8 months (n = 5). (e) Motility of sperms from Brca2^wt/mut rats is not deteriorated at 11 weeks but decreased at 8 months (n = 5). (f) Representative morphology of abnormal sperms. AH, abnormal head sperm; TL, tailless sperm; ST, short tail sperm; SH, small head sperm; LH, large head sperm. (g) Abnormal sperm was more abundant in Brca2^wt/mut than Brca2^wt/wt both at 11 weeks and 8 months. (h) Representative images of the sperms stained with acridine orange (arrowhead, damaged sperm DNA as D; arrow, undamaged sperm DNA as UD). (i) Comparison of the proportion of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation within a sperm sample detected from SCSA (n = 5). This proportion of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation is commonly referred to as DNA fragmentation index, DFI. Both at 11 weeks and 8 months, the spermatozoa of the Brca2^wt/mut rats show more DNA fragmentation than those of Brca2^wt/wt. SCSA, sperm chromatin structure assay. (j) Summary of the findings.