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. 2025 Jan 2;15:110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83758-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 1 — Effect of ROS on SLBs. 5 × 5 μm AFM height-contrast images. The color scale for height is given in the upper right corner. Orange and yellow tones mark the liquid-disordered and liquid-ordered domains, respectively. (a) DPPC-DOPC-MPE SLB before and (b) after irradiation: the membrane is covered in nanoscale holes. The holes are more distinct and numerous in the liquid-ordered domains. The inserted height section profile shows the height along the green line. (c) DPPC-DOPC SLB before and d) after adding H₂O₂ to it. Membrane holes alike to holes in photosensitized membranes were observed.