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. 2025 Jan 2;15:110. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83758-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

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Fig. 3 — Typical force-distance curves for demonstration while piercing through an SLB. (a) In most cases, the rupture of the bilayer consists of a sequential puncture through each of the layer. F₁ and F₂ mark these rupture forces, and x₁ and x₂ mark the layer thickness. (b) Some cases, the rupture of the bilayer can happen in one step, referred to as complete rupture.