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. 2025 Jan 2;16:304. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54478-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Cave G. multidiverticulata and surface G. dorotocephala animals present negative phototaxis, moving to darker regions in the test arena (three sets of experiments on the left), or no phototaxis by distributing randomly in the control arena (three sets of experiments on the right) (n = 50 animals of each species per set). b Eye-resected animals show no phototaxis and remain randomly distributed in both arenas (n = 22 animals of each species per set, except for the G. multidiverticulata non-discernible eye morphotype where n = 18); negative phototaxis in G. multidiverticulata occurred in some cases (*), in which eyes had not been completely removed. c Arrestin antibody labeling, marking the photoreceptor cells, is still present on day one after eye resection in the G. multidiverticulata non-discernible eyes morphotype and photoreceptor cells are absent after resection in the G. multidiverticulata discernible eye morphotype and in G. dorotocephala. Scale bar, 50 µm. d Overall photophobic responses for red, green, and blue light. The negative phototaxis response was indicated by increased localization in position number 12, the darkest position in the light gradient arena. G. dorotocephala displayed a random distribution across the arena in red but exhibited strong negative phototaxis in green and blue arenas. G. multidiverticulata non-discernible eye and discernible eye morphotypes displayed little significant negative phototaxis in red, three significant responses in green, and three significant responses in blue (red filter: Gm non-discernible eyes n = 25; Gm discernible eyes n = 25; Gd n = 27, green filter: Gm non-discernible eyes n = 25; Gm discernible eyes n = 26; Gd n = 24; blue filter: Gm non-discernible eyes n = 25; Gm discernible eyes n = 26; Gd n = 26, animals per set). For a, b, and d statistical significance: one-side t-test comparing each column mean with a hypothetical value of 6 corresponding to chance. CA control arena; TA test arena, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.