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. 2025 Jan 2;15:46. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-83544-8

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© The Author(s) 2024, corrected publication 2025

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Fig. 4 — Heatmaps of the top 30 DMs ranked by VIP values in serum with a cutoff value of VIP > 1 andp < 0.05( t-tests). Each row represents a metabolite and the column corresponds to a sample. The color intensity indicates the relative abundance of respective metabolites, with warmer colors reflecting higher levels and cooler colors indicating lower levels. The hierarchical clustering of both metabolites and samples highlights patterns and relationships among the DMs.