Table 1.
Participant characteristics in discovery and validation cohorts
| Characteristic | Discovery cohort (n = 218) |
Validation cohort (n = 84) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Median age at onset, years | 63 (54–68) | 64 (58.5–69.5) | 0.094 |
| Sex, no. (%) | |||
| Male | 129 (59.18%) | 52 (61.90%) | 0.003** |
| Baseline clinical status | |||
| Disease duration, median (95% CI), yearsa | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–6) | 0.612 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| DM, no. (%) | 7 (3.21%) | 6 (7.14%) | 0.201a |
| HBP, no. (%) | 44 (20.18%) | 29 (34.52%) | 0.009** |
| H&Y stage | 3.5 (2–4) | 4 (3–4) | 0.001** |
| UPDRS (total) | 42.5 (29.0–76.2) | 48.0 (33.6–60.8) | 0.616 |
| UPDRS I | 2 (0.75–2) | 4 (3–5) | <0.001*** |
| UPDRS II | 12 (5–18) | 12 (8–16) | 0.193 |
| UPDRS III | 23 (16–56) | 27 (18–36) | 0.642 |
| UPDRS IV | 5 (2–7) | 5 (3–7) | 0.198 |
| MMSE | 25 (23–28) | 26.5 (23–29) | 0.383 |
| MOCA | 19 (15–25) | 21 (16–23) | 0.209 |
| LED (mg) | 500 (375–673) | 611 (474–799) | <0.001*** |
| Baseline laboratory test | |||
| HsCRP, mg/L | 0.5 (0–0.82) | 0 (0–0.59) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte, G/L | 1.82 (1.50–2.32) | 1.90 (1.64–2.21) | 0.488 |
| Neutrophils, G/L | 3.55 (2.79–4.25) | 3.64 (2.98–4.41) | 0.336 |
| L/N ratio, | 0.55 (0.40–0.70) | 0.53 (0.40–0.67) | 0.815 |
| UA, μmol/L | 316 (263–378) | 316 (269–375) | 0.840 |
| Chol, mmol/L | 4.48 (3.89–5.10) | 4.36 (3.74–4.99) | 0.304 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.54 (1.26–5.01) | 1.26 (1.05–1.44) | <0.001*** |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.69 (2.16–3.34) | 2.61 (2.17–3.30) | 0.829 |
| Glu, mmol/L | 4.74 (4.44–5.18) | 4.92 (4.58–5.31) | 0.045* |
| Alb, g/L | 39.8 (37.5–42.0) | 40.4 (38.75–42.35) | 0.273 |
| A/G ratio | 1.50 (1.30–1.60) | 1.60 (1.40–1.75) | 0.023* |
| ADA, IU/L | 8.30 (7.01–10.09) | 8.52 (7.31–10.58) | 0.641 |
| RBP, mg/L | 40.80 (34.50–48.30) | 41.95 (36.65–47.95) | 0.354 |
| SOD, kU/L | 139 (125–155) | 152 (142–165.5) | <0.001*** |
| LDH, IU/L | 168.0 (149.7–189.6) | 176.8 (153.8–187.0) | 0.252 |
| FIB, g/L | 3.05 (2.61–3.35) | 2.69 (2.27–2.97) | <0.001*** |
| DDI, mg/L | 0.39 (0.27–0.65) | 0.39 (0.2–0.66) | 0.220 |
| PLG, % | 95 (85.0–106.0) | 91.3 (84.6–100.55) | 0.129 |
| pFN, mg/L | 200.1 (182.7–227.0) | 206.0 (181.0–231.0) | 0.438 |
| Milestones | |||
| First-episode of milestone | |||
| Events | 77 (35.32%) | 28 (33.33%) | 0.745 |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 4.13 (2.08–7.14) | 5.50 (3.02–7.90) | 0.373 |
| Frequent Falls | |||
| Events | 45 (20.64%) | 7 (8.33%) | <0.001*** |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 6.46 (4.17–9.50) | 5.33 (3.33–7.33) | 0.332 |
| Wheelchair dependence | |||
| Events | 21 (9.63%) | 9 (10.71%) | 0.128 |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 7.25 (5.75–11.75) | 5.00 (3.08–8.46) | 0.025 |
| Home care | |||
| Events | 30 (13.76%) | 10 (11.90%) | 0.670 |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 7.13 (3.92–12.27) | 7.83 (3.00–9.60) | 0.724 |
| Dementia | |||
| Events | 19 (8.72%) | 7 (8.33%) | 0.915 |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 5.75 (3.17–8.50) | 3.08 (1.92–7.00) | 0.306 |
| Severe Hallucination | |||
| Events | 14 (6.42%) | 1(1.19%) | 0.076a |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 4.08 (3.02–8.71) | NA | 0.533 |
| Death | |||
| Events | 5 (2.29%) | 1 (1.19%) | 0.682 |
| Median time since initial diagnosis, years | 4.33 (3.54–9.88) | NA | 0.667 |
| Cause of death | |||
| PD-related events | 3 (1.38%) | 1 (1.19%) | 1.000 |
| PD-unrelated events | 2 (0.92%) | 0 | |
ADA adenosine deaminase, Alb albumin, A/G ratio, Chol cholesterol, DDI D-dimer, DM diabetes mellitus, FIB fibrinogen, Glu glucose, HBP high blood pressure, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HsCRP hypersensitive C-reactive protein, H&Y Hoehn-Yahr, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, LDL-C Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LED levo-dopa-equivalence dosage, L/N ratio, lymphocyte/neutrophils ratio, MMSE mini-mental state examination, MOCA Montreal cognitive assessment, NA non-available, pFN plasma fibronectin, PLG plasminogen, RBP retinol-binding protein, SOD superoxide dismutase, UA uric acid, UPDRS unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale.
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.
aFisher’s Exact test.