Fig. 1. gls1 has a shallower root system and higher grain yield in soil.
a Root system architecture of seedlings for the wild-type XS63 and the gls1 mutant grown for 21 days in 8-cm-diameter pots filled with sterilized Kettering loam, as revealed by X-ray computed tomography. b Root growth angle (θrga) of XS63 and gls1 in a measured using ImageJ. Representative photograph (c), panicle number (d), yield per plant (e), and total nitrogen (N; f) and phosphorus (P; g) concentrations in shoots of XS63 and gls1 plants at the maturation stage grown in the paddy field (means ± standard deviation (SD), n = 10 in b and e, n = 22 in d, n = 3 in f and g). Scale bars, 3 cm in a, 10 cm in c. Asterisks indicate significance differences as determined by a two-tailed Student’s t-test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001).